Critical Thinking Exposition - Assignment Example

Critical Thinking Exposition Essay All scholars perceive themselves as critical thinkers and subsequently have differing definitions about the meaning of the term “critical thinking.” As such, the definitions of critical thinking vary depending on the scholar’s vantage point. Habermas defined it as emancipatory learning. Manzo Anthony et al. characterized as dialectical thinking which is the ability to address issues from several perspectives and arriving at the most reasonable and economical reconciliation of information and ideas that may seem contradictory. Riegel and Basseches defined it as dialectical thinking whereby the elements of relativist thought are integrated with those of Universalist thought. Another viewpoint is that of Deshler who saw it as a form of thinking that welcomes change. Although the above definitions vary depending on the scholar’s orientation, in much more simple terms it can be conceptualized as a deliberate, self-disciplined and self-guided thinking process which encourages quality reasoning at the highest possible level. Critical Thinking Critical thinking is a process that should have many definitions because it has multiple dimensions and aspects that characterize its nature as demonstrated by Brookfield. There is no doubt that it is a higher cognitive skill that drives people to use reason to overcome their environment. Admittedly, critical thinking is not automatic and because it is a deliberate effort to diminish the propensity for shallow thought that feeds the ego. Therefore, individuals who are critical thinkers are extremely self disciplined in the use of intellectual tools developed by scholars, researchers and theorists. They use these tools to adapt, alter and apply concepts and principles that guide their actions and which form their beliefs. Critical thinking is extremely self-reflective in its discipline because people are not perfect and they often fall prey to irrational thought, self interest, biases, prejudice and distortions. Therefore, in agreement with Brookfield, it involves defining assumptions and challenging any flaws and gaps in knowledge. As such, the quest for higher reasoning is always a priority and a goal for critical thinkers because they realize that they live in a complex world. Moreover, Critical thinking protects society from simplistic notions that hinder human progress because they are dangerous and myopic. Brookfield also states that it recognizes that changes and alternatives are possible. For instance, if higher reasoning was not possible, people would be carried by emotions in most of the dangerous situations associated with societal issues. In agreement with this perspective, it is prudent to add that it involves the recognition of intellectual standards in the thought process in a structured way that continuously improves the quality of reasoning. In chaotic situations we often hear people often scream “let reason prevail!” meaning that critical thinking is the basis upon which we can peacefully coexist. Brookside posits that it is only natural to learn to think critically in adulthood because the simplicities of childhood cannot sustain critical thinking. Therefore in agreement with this line of thought, the study argues that critical thinking is an acquired taste. In adulthood, people are expected to challenge assumptions and look for alternatives. Human progress has been characterized by challenging political systems. For instance, dictatorships and absolute monarchies were abolished when certain political power assumptions and norms were questioned. Also, a country like China had to question the policies and assumptions of socialism and adapt to a new capitalistic system which has served them well. Brookfield says that “for any effective communication to take place between people, there must be a readiness in those involved to try to understand each other’s perspectives” (Chapter 10). This view clearly reflects some crucial elements of effective communication. When an individual tries to emphasise his concepts and is not willing to consider others’ perspectives, the process of communication would not bring intended outcomes. Under such circumstances, communication process may not meet its stated objectives. In many national and international conflicts, lack of effective communication is identified to be the major cause leading to problem. In contrast, the process of communication would bring fruitful results and serve the interests of parties involved if they understand each other’s views. Through this statement, Brookfield supports the idea that peaceful coexistence relies on the ability of accommodative critical thinking. Effective communication would enhance the ability of critical thinking because communication is an inevitable component of critical thinking. Referring to the argument of Brookfield, it seems that communication between politicians from developed countries is more effective as compared to those from developing and underdeveloped world. To illustrate, in countries like US and UK, political parties try to understand and consider each other’s perspectives with intent to promote critical thinking and thereby reach consensus in various issues. Brookside made a critical argument by claiming that there is a need to explore alternatives that work and abolish long-held assumptions. This is illustrated by the long held assumption of safety in the right to bear arms in the United States. The assumptions made by the founding fathers necessitate a review because the recent school and theatre shootings have challenged the status quo. As such, critical thinking demands that the American society seeks alternatives that fit in with the new realities of an armed citizenry. Critical thinking requires that people connect with social changes and political development in their society. In contrast, the Chinese tend to look inward and concentrate on their economic progress because they find it hard to challenge the current political system which is controlled by the Chinese communist party. This also breaks the assumption that economic prosperity and modernization can only be achieved in western style democracies. Contrary to the views espoused by Brookfield, it is prudent to argue that there are exceptions to the rule because China is better managed than some democratic countries. In chapter 4 Brookfield argues that critical thinking is essential in helping individuals to recognize their connection with the larger society. In other words, according to the author, critical thinking is the best way to sustain a healthy democracy. This is a most profound argument because it makes critical thinking a human endeavor. We often ask reflect and ask.” what can I do to make this better?” is the best way to help?” This aspect of human nature helps to support critical thinking at the societal level. It is observed that people’s perceptions of rights, duties, and appropriate behaviors have undergone tremendous alterations over the last three decades. Such changes have greatly contributed to the concept of democracy. Brookfield claims that today people live in a society where crucial decisions are made by people who are politically and socially organized and well financed by political action committees. But wait! Are these people not elected after engaging in a political process where they share their critical thoughts with the rest of society? Indeed the man with whose critical thoughts best resonate with the public wins. The author tries to point out the inevitable role of critical thinking in maintaining a potential democratic environment. By promoting the concept of critical thinking, people can be encouraged to ‘feel a sense of personal connection to wider happenings’ (Chapter 4). By becoming critical thinkers, people can properly evaluate surrounding socio-political themes and effectively contribute to the development of a stable and sustainable democracy. However, learning political environment through televised briefings has significantly reduced people’s critical thinking ability. As a result, the number of people voting in national elections declined over the recent years. We want to do better and it is human nature to find solutions to the challenges of society. There will always be a competition of ideas because human nature and progress determine so and as Brookfield argues that in a democratic society is the best scenario where people have the space to think critically. Critical thinking is therefore a part of human nature but it must be harnessed and cultivated in an environment that allows the challenging of assumptions. “When people view social changes or political decision as somehow mystically removed from their own existence, they frequently turn inward, focusing exclusively on their private lives” (Chapter 5). Lack of good social awareness often persuades people to stay away from the mainstream of the society and to particularly focus on the improvement of their personal living quality. For instance, a notable percent of the new generation do not have clear and unique political views. In conclusion, critical thinking must be about the big picture and self improvement. This orientation must be aligned to the Socratic principle: The unexamined life is not worth living. It is the personal responsibility of individuals to assess whether their thinking is uninformed, prejudicial, shallow or biased. The quality of thought is critical for human sustainability and this makes critical thinking one of the most important aspects of human behavior (Brookfield 42 43). It helps us to overcome our environment in the most thoughtful and sustainable way possible. Human thought might have its limitations but critical thinking remains the best hope for mankind. Works Cited Brookfield Stephen. Developing critical thinkers. Challenging Adults to Explore Alternative Ways of Thinking and Acting. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1991. Print. Read More