Newtons Law of Cooling - Book Report/Review Example

Customer Inserts His/Her Name Abstract This essay explored on the issue of Newton’s law of cooling and this was achieved through use of an experiment. This is experiment was carried out on water by heating the fluid. The results of the experiment showed us that hot water losses energy through temperature loss quickly in enclosed containers. The experiment was carried out by heating water and placing the fluid in two containers A and B. From the results of the experiment, we could conclude that Newton’s law on cooling is affirmative (Hon 123). However, there were some problems encountered such as measuring the temperature of the water and monitoring the different temperature changes. The experiment was a success since it affirmed the law that was under investigation. Apparatus In the process of undertaking the experiment on the changes of temperature, we made use of an infra-red thermometer. This apparatus was used in measuring the temperature of the room and changes in temperature of the fluid (water) and temperature of the atmosphere. Other apparatus included two containers for storing boiling water. These containers were important in storing water while changes in temperature were being monitored. A heating cooker was also used in heating the water while a metal tin container was used in storing water while it was being heated. Method The main purpose of undertaking this experiment was to find out the changes in temperature of fluids under the influence of atmospheric pressure and room temperature. We are testing and making an experiment based on the Newton’s cooling law (Babbie 99). This law is used in examining temperature change of objects placed in different environments and we want to investigate this law (Kothari 45). The procedure involved a number of steps that included heating water and placing the fluid into different containers. The major steps that were followed in conducting the experiment are explained below: 1) First, the mass of the water to be used in the experiment was measured before being heated. 2) The temperature of the room/environment was measured. 3) Then the water was heated for a period of time until the temperature of the water had risen above the room temperature. In this case, water was heated till it got to boiling point. 4) Thereafter, the water was transferred and put into two different cans to cool while their temperatures were monitored. 5) The two different containers used in this experiment were different in that one had a lid and the other one did not. In this case we made use of containers A and B. Container A did not have a lid. While container B had a lid and therefore the temperatures inside the two containers would be different. 6) The next procedure involved measuring the change in temperature of the two fluids by use of a thermometer. This was done over a period of time and change in time was noted. The time measurement for this experiment was 30 minutes and the measuring temperature changes was challenging to us. 7) Temperature changes were measured at 30 different intervals and each measurement took a period of 1 minute. Therefore, we had 30 measures at the end of the project. In the process of undertaking the experiment, we encountered problems such as measuring the temperature of the water at high temperatures. Another challenge was making sure the right measures were achieved of the fluid being measured (Mohindroo 61). Measurements In the process of undertaking this experiment, we came up with two sets of measures that contained the same number of measures. For instance, each set contained 30 measures of time, temperature, delta temperature and atmosphere temperature. Most of the measures were in degrees centigrade (°C). The two experiments were undertaken at different intervals and the measures used in investigating Newton’s cooling law. The two sets of containers have different measures and therefore, we have to draw the results of the experiment. Container A with the lid had the highest temperature when the water was poured into the container. Moreover, the delta temperature dropped significantly from a high of 60.3 °C to a low of 13.6°C. This is shown by the graph below: Figure 1: Results for Container A While the results of the experiment conducted using container B has different results compared to results from container A. The temperature of the fluid is slightly lower compared to the temperature in container B. The results of the experiment suing container B is shown below: Figure 2: Results for Container B The results of the experiment can also be seen in the appendix section, where two tables contain the results of the experiment using containers A and B. Calculations Apart from the results of the obtained from the experiment, we have to calculate some figures and constants using the results obtained from the above results. Using the results of the experiment from two containers, we can calculate a constant k, using the formula: Question 1) δT = -K (T-Tamb), = for container A, = 82.5 – 35.8 = - K (35.8 – 22.2), = 46.7= - 13.6 K δt 30 – 0 30 1.56 = - 13.6 K, 1.56 = - 13.6 K, 0.115 = -K, K= - 0.115 13.6 13.6 For container B, δT = -K (T-Tamb), = for container A, = 56.5 – 37 = - K (37 – 21.3), = 19.5= - 15.7 K δt 30 – 0 30 0.65 = - 15.7 K, 0.65 = - 15.7 K, 0.041 = -K, K= - 0.041 15.7 15.7 2) K is a constant that should be measured in Kelvin. 3) Another measure that could be used in measuring the energy lost in the process of cooling, Qlost and this is measured in joules as calculated below: (Mass is 0.1072 kg, while Cp = 4180J/kg. °C) for container A, Qlost = m.Cp. T, Qlost= 0.1072.4180. (82.5-35.8) = 11,314.1 kJ/°C for container A, Qlost = 20,926.1 kJ/°C for container B, Qlost = m.Cp. T, Qlost= 0.1072.4180. (56.5 - 37) = 4724.3 kJ/°C for container B, Qlost = 8737.9 kJ/°C 4) Another measure that is important in investigating is the energy lost through evaporation. This is measured by use of this formula: Qevap= m.L, where L is the latent heat value for water, L= 2260kJ/kg. For container A, Qevap= m.L, Qevap= 0.1072.2260, Qevap= 242.27 KJ. 5) For the open container, heat was lost through convection and evaporation and therefore we have to calculate the energy lost by subtracting the energy lost through evaporation from the total energy lost (Filges, 57). This is shown below: Qconvec = Qlost - Qevap, Qconve c= 8737.9 – 242.37 = 8495.63. Qconvec = 8, 4595.63 6) There are several heat transfer methods in any heating process and in this experiment, we had evaporation, convection and conduction as the heat transfer methods. From the calculations above, we witness that heat was lost through evaporation, convection and conduction (Pickover 94). A lot of heat was lost through convection especially for the container without the lid. This is unlike the container with the lid which maintained heat. Analysis In the process of analyzing the experiment conducted on the two containers, we have to analyze the experiments based on Newton’s law of cooling. This law states that the change of temperature of an object is proportional to the difference between the temperature of the object and the surrounding environment (Bohren 89). In this specific experiment, the emphasis was on investigating energy loss through use of water. Water was heated and placed in two different containers A and B. The temperature of the water in the two containers was monitored when the water was cooling over a period of 30 minutes. In this case, we had to calculate the energy lost through different heat transfer methods. During the process of undertaking the experiment, we noticed container A with the lid achieved higher temperatures compared to container B which had no lid. From the calculations, we found out that container A lost a lot of energy compared to container B during the cooling process (Stangor 70). The results clearly show that a lot of energy was lost through condensation and as shown by heat changes under container A (Salby 76). The results of the experiment show that it is true that the rate of temperature change is proportional to difference in temperature of the object and the surrounding environment. The constant K results from the two containers used in the experiment show that Newton’s cooling law is true and validated by the experiment (Gravetter 85). Conclusion The experiment undertaken here is to test the Newton’s cooling law and the experiment was tested using water. The results of the experiment were used in coming up with different conclusions. For instance, water boiled in a closed container achieves higher temperature compared to water boiled in an open container. Moreover, the experiment was able to test Newton’ law of cooling. From the experiment, we can conclude that fluids lose a lot of energy when they are placed in an enclosed container compared to fluids placed in open containers. This is shown by the results of the experiment (Srinagesh 116). While the experiment might not have been 100 percent correct few errors such as reading the thermometer’s measures were some of the challenges encountered in undertaking the experiment. From the experiment we can conclusively conclude that this experiment affirms and validates Newton’s law on cooling. However, the experiment can be improved by heating another fluid of liquid that experiences rapid change in temperature change. References Babbie, E., 2010. The Practice of Social Research. Washington, WA: Cengage Learning. Bohren, C., 2001. Clouds in a Glass of Beer: Simple Experiments in Atmospheric Physics. Boston, MA: Wiley. Filges, D. and Goldenbaum, F., 2010. Handbook of Spallation Research: Theory, Experiments and Applications. Chicago, IL: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Gravetter, F., Lori-Ann, J. and Forzano, B., 2011. Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences. Lowell, MA: Routledge. Hon, G., Schickore, J. and Steinle F., 2009. Going Amiss in Experimental Research. Austin, TX: Drummond Publishers. Kothari, C. R., 2008. Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons. Mohindroo, K., 2007. Basic Principles of Physics. London: Macmillan Publishers. Pickover, C., 2008. Archimedes to Hawking: Laws of Science and the Great Minds Behind Them. Pittsburgh, PA: Elshiver Publishing. Salby, M., 2011. Physics of the Atmosphere and Climate. Manchester: Longhorn Publishers. Srinagesh, K., 2006. The Principles of Experimental Research. New York, NY: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Stangor, C., 2010. Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences. Boston, MA: John Wiley and Sons. Appendix The tables displayed below are for the results of the experiment conducted using containers A and B. Time Temperature Delta Temperature Atmosphere Temperature 0 82.5 60.3 22.2 1 76.1 53.9 22.2 2 72.1 49.9 22.2 3 68.2 46 22.2 4 62.8 40.6 22.2 5 61.3 39.1 22.2 6 61.3 39.1 22.2 7 58.6 36.4 22.2 8 56.6 34.4 22.2 9 55.4 33.2 22.2 10 53.4 31.2 22.2 11 53.4 31.2 22.2 12 49.6 27.4 22.2 13 48.9 26.7 22.2 14 47.2 25 22.2 15 46 23.8 22.2 16 46 23.8 22.2 17 45 22.8 22.2 18 43.5 21.3 22.2 19 43.8 21.6 22.2 20 42.6 20.4 22.2 21 42 19.8 22.2 22 40.3 18.1 22.2 23 41.1 18.9 22.2 24 39.2 17 22.2 25 39.2 17 22.2 26 38.1 15.9 22.2 27 38.1 15.9 22.2 28 37.4 15.2 22.2 29 37 14.8 22.2 30 35.8 13.6 22.2 Table 1: Results of experiment done using container A Time Temperature Delta Temperature Atmosphere Temperature 0 56.5 35.2 21.3 1 57.3 36 21.3 2 55.6 34.3 21.3 3 54.6 33.3 21.3 4 53.5 32.2 21.3 5 52.8 31.5 21.3 6 52 30.7 21.3 7 49 28.1 21.3 8 49 27.9 21.3 9 48.1 26.8 21.3 10 47.4 26.1 21.3 11 47.7 26.4 21.3 12 45.3 24 21.3 13 43.5 22.2 21.3 14 43.3 22 21.3 15 43 21.7 21.3 16 41.4 20.1 21.3 17 41.7 20.4 21.3 18 41.7 20.4 21.3 19 40.1 18.8 21.3 20 41 19.7 21.3 21 40.6 19.3 21.3 22 40.3 19 21.3 23 39.6 18.3 21.3 24 38.7 17.4 21.3 25 38.2 16.9 21.3 26 38.5 17.2 21.3 27 38.5 17.2 21.3 28 37.6 16.3 21.3 29 37.2 15.9 21.3 30 37 15.7 21.3 Table 2: Results of the experiment done using Container B Read More