Annotated bibliography - Assignment Example

Annotated Bibliography Number Bartollas, C. (1985). Juvenile delinquency. New York: Wiley. The text describes juvenile delinquency/ juvenile offending as an act of illegality by minors (persons below the majority’s statutory age). It also keenly discusses what constitutes juvenile delinquency in the different states of America while equally mentioning certain circumstances such as rape, robbery with violence or murder that would elicit special action from the justice department, such as the trial of a minor as an adult.

A person can be tried and charged as an adult judging from the type and extent of the offense they partake in (Bartollas, 1985). In the United States, a juvenile delinquent (offender), for example, is described as one below age 17 who commits a crime that would otherwise be punishable if they were adults.Bradshaw, P. (2003). Underage drinking and the illegal purchase of alcohol. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive Social Research. The factors that contribute to juvenile crime (more so underage drinking and illegal purchase of drugs) are extensively mentioned in this book.

These factors are broken down into six different categories. Some of the physical factors for juvenile delinquency cited include lack of sleep, sensory defects, endocrine disorders, drug addiction, nervous diseases, weather effects, physical exuberance, deformities, speech defects, malnutrition, and so on, whereas, mental factors discussed include, among others, psychoses, psychoneuroses, suggestibility, contra-suggestibility, sex habits/ experiences, lethargy/ laziness, mental conflicts, mental defects, and superior intelligence.

Under home condition factors, there are unsanitary conditions, broken homes, illegitimacy stigma, bad examples, immoral parents, ill treatment at homes, poverty, unemployment, excess in material possessions and material deficiencies. Also, some of the school conditions talked up include poor grades, peer influence, inadequate recreation facilities, poor teaching and bad attitudes towards teachers, while neighborhood conditions cited include loneliness, stimulating entertainment platforms, influence of gangs, and peer influence.

Occupational conditions such as truancy, monotony, idleness, occupational misfits, apprenticeship system declines, influence, and irregular occupations (Bradshaw, 2003) are also noted by the author.Jefferson, M. (2007). Criminal law (8th ed.). Harlow: Pearson Longman. Jefferson discusses some of the crime theories applicable to juvenile delinquency. Some of the theories emphasized include rational choice theory, social disorganization, strain theory, differential association theory, labeling theory and social control theory.

These are discussed in view of achieving better understanding of the causes of juvenile delinquency. As per the labeling theory, for example, Jefferson reckons that once a juvenile has been labeled a criminal, chances that they will consequently participate in a crime are significantly enhanced. Social disorganization theory, on the other hand, holds that juvenile delinquency stems from the absence/ disintegration of societal institutions such as the family, church, schools and other such associations within the community that previously promoted good relations amongst people (Jefferson, 2007).Sachar, L. (2006).

Small steps. New York: Delacorte Press. In his book, Sachar predominantly talks prevention of juvenile delinquency. According to him, prevention techniques are those that aim at preventing juveniles from engaging in criminal and antisocial behavior (Sachar, 2006). Prevention efforts highlighted here-in are comprehensive and focus on the numerous prevailing risk factors for delinquency, that is, prevention measures are effectively aimed at countering various factors that trigger juvenile crimes, in various social demographics.

Some of the prevention techniques vastly mentioned include substance abuse education/ treatment, youth mentoring, youth sheltering, increased availability and access to family planning services, parenting education, family counseling, educational support, and so on. The book mentions some key players in the community in the fight against juvenile delinquency, and what are required of them.Shoemaker, D. (2009). Juvenile delinquency. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield.Judicial procedures in case of juvenile delinquency are highlighted in the book, including the role of parents/ guardians and what is required of parents and guardians after juvenile crime (such as financial obligations in cases of damage/ restitution, acquiring and paying for the child’s lawyer, and other arising fees).

The function and roles of other players such as the police and probation officers are also clearly outlined (as per the law). Parents are also advised on ways of expunging criminal records of their children so that they have clean records when they attain adulthood (Shoemaker, 2009).ReferencesBartollas, C. (1985). Juvenile delinquency. New York: Wiley.Bradshaw, P. (2003). Underage drinking and the illegal purchase of alcohol. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive Social Research.Jefferson, M. (2007).

Criminal law (8th ed.). Harlow: Pearson Longman.Sachar, L. (2006). Small steps. New York: Delacorte Press.Shoemaker, D. (2009). Juvenile delinquency. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield.