Intro to Criminal Justice Final Exam - Admission/Application Essay Example

Intro to Criminal Justice Final Exam Choose the one that best completes the ment or answers the question Clarence is sitting on a park bench minding his own business when an undercover police officer comes up to Clarence and talks him into buying some marijuana. Then the officer arrests Bob for possession of marijuana. Clarence can claim the defense of: 1) __D____   A)  necessity.   B)  duress.   C)  double jeopardy.   D)  entrapment. 2)  Ray threatens to spit on Bob and Bob defends himself by shooting Ray.

Bob has: 2) ____B__   A)  a procedural defense.   B)  used excessive force.   C)  used reasonable force.   D)  a legal justification. 3)  A/An ________ offense is an offense not yet completed. Also, an offense that consists of an action or conduct that is a step toward the intended commission of the offense. 3) ___A___   A)  inchoate   B)  ticketable   C)  treasonable   D)  alter ego 4)  Bob and Ray have a fight. Bob knocks out Rays teeth. Ray sues Bob and asks the court to order Bob to pay Rays dental bills.

Ray is seeking: 4) _B_____   A)  a class action.   B)  punitive damages.   C)  an injunction.   D)  compensatory damages. 5)  Search and seizure, arrest procedures, and general rules of evidence are considered: 5) ___D___   A)  civil law.   B)  administrative law.   C)  substantive law.   D)  procedural law. 6)  Which of the following is a procedural defense? 6) ___D___   A)  necessity   B)  consent   C)  mistake   D)  double jeopardy 7)  Which of the following terms refers to gathering, transmitting, or losing information related to the national defense in such a manner that the information becomes available to enemies of the United States? 7) _A_____   A)  espionage   B)  conspiracies   C)  inchoate offenses   D)  misdemeanors 8)  Most crimes have three elements.

Which one of these is not one of the elements? 8) __C____   A)  the concurrence of act and intent   B)  actus reus   C)  motive   D)  mens rea 9)  What term describes that a society must be governed by established principles to maintain order? 9) __B____   A)  inchoate   B)  rule of law   C)  codification   D)  stare decisis 10)  Which of the following represents the order of the steps in a criminal trial? 10) _B_____   A)  trial initiation, opening statements, jury selection, presentation of evidence, closing arguments, the judges charge to the jury, jury deliberations, the verdict   B)  trial initiation, jury selection, opening statements, presentation of evidence, closing arguments, the judges charge to the jury, jury deliberations, the verdict   C)  trial initiation, the judges charge to the jury, jury selection, opening statements, presentation of evidence, closing arguments, jury deliberations, the verdict   D)  jury selection, trial initiation, opening statements, presentation of evidence, closing arguments, the judges charge to the jury, jury deliberations, the verdict 11)  In Batson v.

Kentucky the Supreme Court held that the use of peremptory challenges ________ was unconstitutional. 11) __B____   A)  to delay the trial   B)  for the purpose of racial discrimination   C)  to confuse the defense   D)  for revenge 12)  McNabb v. U.S. formally established that a defendant being held in custody has a right to appear in court before a magistrate: 12) _A_____   A)  without unnecessary delay.   B)  immediately.   C)  within 24 hours.   D)  within 30 days. 13)  Clarence consigns all of his stock holdings to the court.

What type of bail did he post? 13) ___A___   A)  property bond   B)  deposit bail   C)  signature bond   D)  financial bond 14)  Which of the following is not one of the goals of contemporary sentencing? 14) __D____   A)  incapacitation   B)  rehabilitation   C)  deterrence   D)  restitution 15)  Separating offenders from the community furthers which sentencing goal? 15) ___B___   A)  rehabilitation   B)  incapacitation   C)  retribution   D)  deterrence 16)  Gregg v.

Georgia approved the two-step trial procedure in ________ cases. 16) _C_____   A)  property   B)  felony   C)  capital   D)  misdemeanor 17)  What goal of sentencing is sometimes referred to as the "lock em up approach"? 17) __A____   A)  incapacitation   B)  retribution   C)  deterrence   D)  rehabilitation 18)  In 2005 the U.S. Supreme Court in the case of Roper v. Simmons held that anyone who committed their crime when younger than 18 could not be sentenced: 18) __A____   A)  to death.   B)  to an indeterminate sentence.   C)  as an adult.   D)  by a judge rather than a jury. 19)  Morrissey v.

Brewer provides procedural safeguards to parolees at ________ hearings. 19) _D_____   A)  probation   B)  preliminary   C)  grand jury   D)  revocation 20)  Mempa v. Ray held that a probationer should have the opportunity for ________ before a deferred prison sentence can be imposed. 20) ___D___   A)  jail time   B)  good time   C)  parole   D)  counsel 21)  Cruz v. Beto, decided in 1972, held that inmates must be given: 21) __A____   A)  a reasonable opportunity to pursue their faith.   B)  an opportunity to attend only traditional religious services.   C)  nothing in the way of religious freedom.   D)  complete religious freedom. 22)  Block v.

Rutherford ruled that prisoners: 22) ___A___   A)  could be denied contact visits.   B)  had a constitutional right to contact visits with relatives.   C)  had a constitutional right to visits from friends and relatives.   D)  could be denied all visits from friends and relatives. 23)  A prison official may be held liable under the Eighth Amendment for acting with ________ to inmate health or safety only if he or she knows that inmates face a substantial risk of serious harm and disregards that risk. 23) _C_____   A)  intentional disregard   B)  recklessness   C)  deliberate indifference   D)  negligence 24)  In regard to medical treatment the U.S. Supreme Court protects prisoners from: 24) ___A___   A)  the "deliberate indifference" on the part of the staff.   B)  the "withholding of special services."   C)  a "dehumanizing" attitude toward inmates.   D)  a "totality of the type of care." 25)  Which Supreme Court case signals a return to the hands-off doctrine of earlier times? 25) ___D___   A)  Hudson v.

Palmer   B)  Cruz v. Beto   C)  Estelle v. Gamble   D)  Wilson v. Seiter 26)  If a juvenile is charged with a status offense, what is the lowest evidentiary standard that can be used by the judge to support the finding? 26) _C_____   A)  beyond a reasonable doubt   B)  preponderance of the evidence   C)  least restrictive alternative   D)  what is fair 27)  Breed v. Jones severely restricted the conditions under which transfers from ________ may occur. 27) __D____   A)  juvenile detention to adult prison   B)  one county to another   C)  the juveniles home state   D)  juvenile to adult court 28)  In re Winship held that delinquency must be established: 28) __B____   A)  to the courts satisfaction.   B)  beyond a reasonable doubt.   C)  by clear and convincing evidence.   D)  by a preponderance of the evidence. 29)  Which court case extended many of the rights afforded adult defendants to juvenile defendants? 29) __B____   A)  Kent v. U.S.   B)  In re Gault   C)  Ex parte Crouse   D)  Breed v. Jones 30)  Kent v. U.S.

provided for ________ in juvenile court and set the stage for the Gault decision. 30) __A____   A)  minimal due process   B)  juries   C)  defense attorneys   D)  day juries 31)  McKeiver v. Pennsylvania held that juveniles do not have the constitutional right to: 31) __B____   A)  appeal.   B)  a jury trial.   C)  a free lawyer if they cannot afford one.   D)  bail. 32)  Illinois v. Montanez let stand a state court ruling that threw out ________ during the trial of juvenile as an adult. 32) ___B___   A)  an illegally seize weapon   B)  an involuntary confession   C)  hearsay testimony   D)  a voluntary confession 33)  Schall v.

Martin upheld what practice? 33) ____B__   A)  juvenile waiver to adult court   B)  preventive detention   C)  confining juveniles in adult prisons   D)  right to counsel 34)  Which of the following due process rights was not provided to juveniles in In re Gault? 34) __D____   A)  the right to confront and to cross-examine witnesses   B)  the right to counsel   C)  the notice of charges   D)  the right to appeal 35)  The federal court system is comprised of the U.S. ________ courts, U.S. courts of appeals, and the U.S. Supreme Court. 35) ____C__   A)  circuit   B)  mediation   C)  district   D)  venue 36)  The witness has worked as an auto mechanic for 15 years.

He testifies that in his opinion the brakes on the car failed because they had been cut. The auto mechanic is: 36) ___D___   A)  a hostile witness.   B)  a lay witness   C)  a prosecutor.   D)  an expert witness. 37)  After Bob is convicted of murder in a trial court he goes to a higher court and asks that court to review the decision to convict him. The higher court: 37) __C____   A)  has original jurisdiction.   B)  is a "lay" court.   C)  has appellate jurisdiction.   D)  is a community court. 38)  Which U.S. Supreme Court case was responsible for the creation of the exclusionary rule? 38) __B____   A)  Chimel v.

California   B)  Weeks v. U.S.   C)  Johnson v. Avery   D)  Powell v. Alabama 39)  Which legal principle excludes from introduction at trial any evidence resulting from an illegal search or seizure? 39) _C_____   A)  tainted principle   B)  latent evidence rule   C)  exclusionary rule   D)  search and seizure principle 40)  This Supreme Court case has become the basis for a brief "stop and frisk" based on a reasonable suspicion. 40) ___B___   A)  Miranda v. Arizona   B)  Terry v.

Ohio   C)  Argersinger v. Hamlin   D)  Brady v. U.S. 41)  The 1984 U.S. Supreme Court case U.S. v. Leon established: 41) __D____   A)  warrantless searches.   B)  plain-view doctrine.   C)  exclusionary rule.   D)  good-faith exception. 42)  Chimel v. California established: 42) __C____   A)  the good-faith exception.   B)  the plain-view doctrine.   C)  that officers can search only the person arrested and the area under that persons "immediate control."   D)  that officers can conduct emergency warrantless searches. 43)  Which of the following is not a justification for emergency warrantless searches? 43) _B_____   A)  danger to life   B)  danger to property   C)  danger of the removal or destruction of evidence   D)  danger of escape 44)  Which Supreme Court ruling applied the principles, regarding the exclusionary rule, developed in Weeks v. U.S.

to trials in state courts? 44) _B_____   A)  Horton v. California   B)  Mapp v. Ohio   C)  U.S. v. Leon   D)  Illinois v. Gates 45)  Which 1936 Supreme Court case prohibited the use of confessions in court that had been obtained by physical abuse? 45) ___A___   A)  Brown v. Mississippi   B)  Miranda v. Arizona   C)  Escobedo v. Illinois   D)  Ashcraft v. Tennessee 46)  In ________, the U.S. Supreme Court stated that considerations of public safety can be overriding and negate the need for rights advisement prior to limited questioning. 46) __D____   A)  Nix v.

Williams   B)  Miranda v. Arizona   C)  New York v. Belton   D)  New York v. Quarles 47)  Concerning informants, which of the following is part of the test established in Aguilar v. Texas? 47) _C_____   A)  The information is known by at least two detectives.   B)  The informant must not have a prior record.   C)  There is reasonable belief that the informant is reliable.   D)  The informants name must be known. 48)  Bob is arrested in his three room apartment. As a search incident to that arrest the police may search: 48) ___B___   A)  Bob and all of his apartment.   B)  Bob and that part of his apartment under his immediate control.   C)  only Bob.   D)  Bob, all of his apartment and his car that is parked out front. 49)  Silverthorne Lumber v. U.S.

is responsible for describing what principle of Fourth Amendment processes? 49) __A____   A)  fruit of the poisoned tree doctrine   B)  public safety exception   C)  exclusionary rule   D)  good-faith exception 50)  Probable cause is: 50) ___D___   A)  a legal explanation for the use of interrogation as a means to elicit a confession.   B)  a precedent-setting term concerned with the use of undercover operations.   C)  a police procedural issue concerned with the use of deadly force.   D)  a set of facts and circumstances that would induce a reasonably intelligent and prudent person to believe that a particular person committed a specific crime. 51)  A police officer applies to a judge for a search warrant and the judge grants the warrant.

The police officer executes the warrant and seizes evidence that is used to convict the defendant. Later it turns out that the judge made a mistake. The warrant was illegal. 51) __C____   A)  The evidence will be allowed in court under the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule.   B)  The evidence will be excluded from court under the fruit of the poisoned tree doctrine.   C)  The evidence the police officer seized will be thrown out under the exclusionary rule.   D)  The evidence will be allowed in court under the public safety exception to the exclusionary rule. 52)  This Supreme Court case protects overnight guests in the home of another against warrantless searches. 52) ___C___   A)  Brady v. U.S.   B)  Chimel v.

California   C)  Minnesota v. Olson   D)  Miranda v. Arizona 53)  What test did U.S. v. Sokolow determine to be appropriate for establishing the constitutionality of a Terry stop? 53) ___D___   A)  beyond a reasonable doubt   B)  qualified immunity   C)  totality of circumstances   D)  probable cause 54)  The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that ________ criteria, such as department policies of established routines, must authorize the search of a vehicle for inventory purposes if the evidence seized is to be considered legitimate. 54) __B____   A)  comprehensive   B)  standardized   C)  fair   D)  reasonable 55)  Which of the following Supreme Court cases is concerned with search incident to lawful arrest? 55) _C_____   A)  Weeks v. U.S.   B)  Mapp v.

Ohio   C)  Robinson v. U.S.   D)  Miranda v. Arizona 56)  An officer knocks on the door of a suspected drug dealer, who invites the officer into the house. While in the kitchen, the officer notices a marijuana plant on the windowsill. This evidence can be legally seized under the: 56) __D____   A)  good faith exception.   B)  emergency search of property rule.   C)  emergency search of a person rule.   D)  plain view doctrine. 57)  Which piece of federal legislation has made it easier to intercept many forms of electronic communication? 57) _B_____   A)  The Hagley-Connor Bill   B)  USA Patriot Act   C)  National Wiretap Act   D)  Anti-Death Penalty Act 58)  Rhodes v.

Chapman held that overcrowding in prisons is not by itself: 58) __B____   A)  public humiliation.   B)  cruel and unusual punishment.   C)  a violation of the 4th Amendment.   D)  deterrence. 59)  The use of prison chain gangs, the abolition of parole, and taking away some of the "comforts" of prison are aspects of which era of imprisonment? 59) __D____   A)  penitentiary   B)  reformatory   C)  community-based   D)  just deserts 60)  Which piece of drug legislation provided for capital punishment for drug-related murders? 60) __B____   A)  Controlled Substances Act   B)  Anti-Drug Abuse Act   C)  Harrison Act   D)  Marijuana Tax Act 61)  The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act was passed in: 61) ___B___   A)  1980.   B)  1970.   C)  1995.   D)  1990. 62)  The two legal concepts that have taken of special significance in the area of case law pertaining to drug investigations are: 62) _D_____   A)  curtailment and ex post facto.   B)  abandonment and curtilage.   C)  eminent domain and collateral estoppel.   D)  evidentiary exclusions and warrantless searches. 63)  RICCO is a federal statute that allows for: 63) ___C___   A)  the federal seizure of assets derived from illegal enterprise.   B)  the prosecution of some defendants in state court.   C)  extended sentences for drug dealers.   D)  the decriminalization of small amounts of marijuana. 64)  According to the Harrison Act, any person dealing in opium, morphine, heroin, or cocaine would have to: 64) ___C___   A)  pay a tax of $1.

00 per year.   B)  have an office accessible to all populations.   C)  provide all of their records to federal law enforcement.   D)  report any signs of drug abuse to a local treatment facility. 65)  Which piece of legislation still forms the basis of federal enforcement efforts today? 65) __B____   A)  The Marijuana Tax Act of 1937   B)  Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970   C)  Harrison Act of 1914   D)  The Boggs Act of 1951 66)  The Supreme Court case of Oliver v. U.S.

recognized that household activity generally extends beyond the walls of a residence into the: 66) C______   A)  neighbors property.   B)  open fields.   C)  curtilage.   D)  borders. SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.   67)  The maxim that an orderly society must be governed by established principles and known codes that are applied uniformly and fairly to all of its members is known as the ________ of law. 67) __rule____ 68)  ________ damages can be awarded in a civil lawsuit when the defendants willful acts were malicious, violent, oppressive, fraudulent, wanton, or grossly reckless. 68) ___punitive___ 69)  Criminal ________ is behavior in which a person fails to reasonably perceive substantial and unjustifiable risks of dangerous consequences. 69) _negligence_____ 70)  ________ release is the release of a prisoner from a correctional facility who has not served his or her full sentence and whose freedom is contingent on obeying specified rules of behavior. 70) _conditional_____ 71)  Bob is mentally ill and suffers from delusions.

Bob is on trial for murder. Bob is so ill he cannot understand what is happening to him or help his lawyer prepare his defense. Bob is not ________ to stand trial. 71) mentally competent ___ 72)  A defense attorney may use a ________ challenge to remove an individual from a jury without disclosing his or her reason for not wanting the individual on the jury. 72) Peremptory______ 73)  Bob is on trial for stealing Rays car. The day Rays car was stolen the police stopped Bob, driving Rays car.

The fact that Bob was driving Rays car is ________ evidence of his guilt. 73) circumstantial______ 74)  Coker v. Georgia held that ________ is not an appropriate/proportionate punishment for the rape of an adult woman. 74) _the death penalty _____ 75)  Prison ________ is the values and behavioral patterns characteristic of prison inmates. 75) __subculture____ 76)  Pell v. Procunier applied the ________ test to the corrections arena, attempting to weigh the rights of the individual against the authority of the state. 76) __First Amendment____ 77)  After Bob kills Ray the prosecutor decides to charge Bob with voluntary manslaughter instead of first degree murder.

This is an example of prosecutorial ________. 77) _discretion_____ 78)  When law enforcement officers seize evidence believing they are operating according to the dictates of the law and later discover that a mistake was made, the evidence may be allowed in court under the ________ ________ exception to the exclusionary rule. 78) good faith _____ 79)  ________ is the information-gathering activity of police officers that involves the direct questioning of suspects. 79) interrogation______ 80)  A(n) ________ substance is a specifically defined bioactive or psychoactive chemical substance proscribed by law. 80) _controlled_____ 81)  A(n) ________ substance is a chemical substance that affects cognition, feeling or awareness. 81) _psychoactive_____ 82)  The ________ Act, passed in 1914, was the first major piece of federal antidrug legislation. 82)Harrison ______ 83)  Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, established ________ classifying psychoactive drugs according to their degree of psychoactivity. 83) schedules______ 84)  ________ is the area surrounding a residence that can reasonably be said to be part of the residence for Fourth Amendment purposes. 84) curtilage______ 85)  The study of criminal justice in the United States has been largely ________ because people are socialized from birth into a particular culture and tend to prefer their own cultures way of doing things over that of any other. 85) _diverse_____ 86)  ________ is a violent act or an act dangerous to human life in violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any state committed to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. 86) _terrorism_____ 87)  ________ is the intentional or threatened use of viruses, bacteria, fungi, or toxins from living organisms to produce death or disease in humans, animals, or plants. 87) _bioterrorism_____ 88)  The use of technology in the service of criminal investigation is a subfield of criminal justice referred to as ________. 88) criminalistics______ 89)  The use of biological residue, found at the scene of a crime, for genetic comparisons in aiding in the identification of criminal suspects is DNA ________. 89) profiling______ 90)  ________ is the science of recognizing people by physical characteristics and personal traits. 90) biometrics______ 91)  The ________ model of criminal justice assumes that the systems components function primarily to serve their own interests. 91) conflict______ 92)  ________ is the existence within one society of diverse groups that maintain unique cultural identities while frequently accepting and participating in the larger societys legal and political systems. 92) multiculturalism______ 93)  The criminal justice system consists of the component agencies of police, ________, and corrections. 93) courts______ 94)  ________ rights are guaranteed to all members of American society by the U.S. Constitution, especially those found in the Bill of Rights. 94) _Civil_____ 95)  The performance of any of the following activities: Detection, apprehension, detention, pretrial release, prosecution, adjudication, correctional supervision, or rehabilitation of accused persons or criminal offenders is known as the ________ of justice. 95) _administration_____ 96)  ________ is the use of standardized, systematic procedures in the search for knowledge. 96) research______ 97)  A perspective on crime causation that holds that physical deterioration in an area leads to higher crime rates is the broken ________ thesis. 97) window______ 98)  ________ theories highlight the stresses that arise among and within social groups as they compete with one another for resources and for survival. 98) _conflict_____ 99)  Social process theory highlights the process of interaction between individuals and ________. 99) society______ 100)  Psychoanalysis is a theory of human behavior, based on the writings of ________, that sees personality as a complex composite of interacting mental entities. 100) Sigmund Freud______