Types of Artificial Intelligence - Coursework Example

Project Report ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (Student’s name) A report submitted in part fulfilment of the degree of BSc (Hons) in Computer Science (Supervisor’s Name) Department of Computer Science (University Affiliation) (Date) Table of Contents 1. Introduction 3 1.1 Artificial Intelligence 3 2. Types of Artificial Intelligence 3 2.1 AI Calibre 1 (Artificial Narrow Intelligence/ANI) 3 2.2 AI Caliber 2 (Artificial General Intelligence/AGI) 4 2.3 AI Caliber 3 (Artificial Superintelligence/ASI) 4 3. Applications of Artificial Intelligence 4 3.1 Language understanding and Speech recognition 5 3.2 Intelligent Robots 5 3.3 Problem Solving through Research 5 3.4 Gaming World 6 3.5 Handwriting Recognition 6 4. Pros and Cons of Artificial Intelligence 6 4.1 Pros 7 4.2 Cons 7 5. Future of Artificial Intelligence 8 6. Conclusion 8 7. Bibliography 9 1. Introduction The genesis of Artificial Intelligence, commonly abbreviated as AI, can be traced back to the era of Greek mythology (Zahn 76). Some Greek myths incorporated the idea of intelligent human beings in their tales such as Hephaestus the blacksmith was purported to create mechanical servants that he thought to possess robotic abilities. Consequently, human beings were able to develop sophisticated programs that could perform complicated tasks that needed high intellectual capabilities. They were the opening doors towards artificial intelligence. 1.1 Artificial Intelligence Callaway (90) notes that Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been a subject of study for more than three decades now. Ironically, it suffices as one of the most challenging topics in Computer Science. This can be attributed to the fact it covers a wide array of factors. AI has considerably been adopted by Tech giants such as Apple, Android, and even Microsoft. The advancement in AI has seen the birth of Voice Assistants such as Google Now, Siri, Cortana, Amazon’s Alexa and many others. 2. Types of Artificial Intelligence Despite the existence of many forms of AI, the major categories are divided into three calibers namely; AI Calibre 1 (Artificial Narrow Intelligence/ANI), AI Calibre 2) Artificial General Intelligence/AGI) and lastly AI Calibre 3) Artificial Superintelligence/ASI). 2.1 AI Calibre 1 (Artificial Narrow Intelligence/ANI) It is also known as the Weak AI. Artificial Narrow Intelligence is considered a weak AI because it specializes in the particular field. Machines under the ANI caliber can only perform the specified task it is commanded to do and nothing more (Kelemen et al. 54). Google, Bing or Yahoo only bring search results suitable to the reader. ANI systems cannot change flight paths or communicate with flights, cannot predict weather or even suggest proper methods of securely storing data. 2.2 AI Calibre 2 (Artificial General Intelligence/AGI) It is also known as Human-Level AI or Strong AI. Artificial General Intelligence refers to a computer that has the intellectual capabilities human to those of human beings (Ford 13). For example, it can solve mathematical problems; it can diagnose diseases and recommend appropriate treatment methods. Unlike developing ANI, creating an AGI is not an easy task. According to Muller (45) intelligence is a general cognitive capability that can solve problems, reason, assess situations, learn, plan and understand difficult concepts. With the development of AGI, human beings will be able to do these things without much sweat. 2.3 AI Calibre 3 (Artificial Superintelligence/ASI). ASI refers to a computer that has the capabilities to surpass human intelligence in all fields. This means that ASI can develop scientifically essential concepts, has inherent wisdom like humans and also endowed with social skills. For example, computers that can preserve human conscience even after death. 3. Application of Artificial Intelligence. Artificial Intelligence is applied in almost all aspects of our lives today. From speech recognition, problem-solving, gaming, handwriting, to theorem proving. We have become dependent on these computers to help us conduct our daily chores to the extent that we cannot do without them. The primary applications of AI are discussed below. 3.1 Language understanding and Speech recognition AI led to the birth of Intelligent Voice Assistants in modern smartphones. Many abound for example Cortana by Microsoft, Google Voice, Siri and many others. According to Apple, Siri, the virtual voice assistant in IOS devices receives close to I Billion voice commands weekly. Similarly, statistics presented by web giant, Ask Your Target Market indicate that 73% of Americans use voice assistants. Globally, 62% of respondents said they use Siri, 40% preferred Google Now and 24% used Microsoft’s Cortana (Kelemen et al. 54). The primary focus of Voice Assistants is to understand not only English Language but also different native languages globally and thus enhance speech recognition. The development of VA has enabled people to use voice commands at home, in vehicles, etc. 3.2 Intelligent Robots Ford (60) observes that in big industries like Toyota, intelligently programmed robots are used to perform different tasks such as welding, inserting windscreens, carrying heavy equipment and tools, painting, etc. These robots have significant memory, various sensors, and large processors that make up their AI. Some of these robots can learn from mistakes and make amendments. They can also perform automated tasks such as factory deliveries, bomb disposal, pipe inspection, space exploration, etc. 3.3 Problem Solving through Research AI is used today to solve problems through scientific research. For instance, when presented with a problem, AI examines possible solutions until an appropriate one is found. AI systems do this in two ways, Breadth first research and depth first research. Breadth first research involves analysing the search tree from left to right one layer at a given time until a goal is realized. Depth first research on the analyses the search tree from the top node to the left path then to the lowest point repeatedly until a solution is found. 3.4 Gaming World The first calibre of AI is attributed to its ability to beat the Chess Grandmaster. Beyond that, it has done nothing else. Almost all games are played following a particular set of rules. This opens doors for researchers to develop search spaces and ease problems that may be encountered less structured sets (Muller 21). The board Configurations that some of these games use can be configured into a computer without the need of complicated formalities. 3.5 Handwriting recognition This is involves converting human handwriting into a text that can easily be then fed into AI system, computer or tablet. Consider the use of stylus pen in smartphones (Pirrone and Filippo 7). When one scribbles words on the smartphone screen, the handwriting recognition software in the computer changes it into text. Or a teacher who uses a smart board; his handwriting is transformed into text. However, handwriting recognition is still in its fetal stages since human beings do not have the same handwriting. That is, they write alphabetical letters differently. This calls for more development in this field by training AI systems to recognize different handwritings. 4. Pros and Cons of Artificial Intelligence 4.1 Pros The major advantage of artificial intelligence is that computer systems unlike humans, do not need rest. They are capable of working continuously. For example, the do not sleep, get bored or tired. On the same note, intelligent robots can be used to do dangerous tasks that are risky to human. This is because they can adjust to the working conditions and incorporate factors like time and speed. Muller (43) affirms that Intelligent robots can be used in areas such as factories to replace humans since such places involve painstaking tasks. AI is also applicable in the field of medicine. Through algorithms, AI has been able to assist physicians diagnose patients and recommend the best treatment methods. Similarly, AI can help doctors assess the different side effects that may come with some drugs before being prescribed to patients. On the same note, surgical simulations incorporate AI to train medical professionals. The same simulation is necessary when assessing neurological problems since AI can diagnose ailments related to the same. Another importance of Artificial Intelligence is in the field of space exploration. Organizations such as NASA send Intelligent robots into space so as to conduct researches on its behalf. The benefits of using intelligent robots abound for example because they are machines they can endure adverse environmental conditions that are common in interplanetary space (Pirrone and Filippo 23). They are also able to be programmed to adapt certain physical states in the planetary atmospheres that would otherwise cause health risks to humans. 4.2 Cons of Artificial Intelligence Social ethicists and clergies have been vehement and critical towards the application of AI as an alternative to human intelligence. They regard the creation of intelligent robots and programs as a direct competition with God. The question whether AI is morally and ethically right has brought a huge debate that scientists are not willing to entertain. For instance, haven’t scientists gone far by creating Artificially Intelligent robots that are somewhat surrogates of human beings? Or does the Bible allow people to recreate intelligence given to them into inanimate objects lie robots? According to Ford (86), human beings are misusing the precious gift of knowledge that naturally was accorded to them. Thus, it goes against human moral values to recreate the same into lifeless machines. Another common limitation is that maintaining AI systems is quite expensive let alone creating them. They need constant updates to adapt to the changing lifestyle of humans. Likewise, incorporating robots in the workplace means replacing humans. Eventually, they will be rendered jobless. 5. Future Directions The future of AI looks bright indeed, but more needs to be done in the field. Just as the benefits of AI abound, the limitations are also a factor to consider. For examples, human beings cannot be replaced with robots since that would render them jobless. Similarly, robots cannot work in hospitals for they lack inherent cognitive abilities such as empathy like humans. These problems must be addressed if AI is to be fully adopted in the modern world. 6. Conclusion In conclusion, AI is the greatest scientific phenomenon that man has discovered in the 21st Century. The benefits abound and help many across different social divides. Voice Assistants such as Sir, Google, Cortana and many others help us to do daily tasks. They also come in handy to people with disabilities such as the blind. Intelligent Robots help does risky and cumbersome tasks in industries. AI has a long way to go. More research must be done to realize its full potential. Bibliography Müller, Vincent C. Philosophy and Theory of Artificial Intelligence. Berlin: Springer, 2013. Internet resource. Kelemen, Jozef, Jan Romportl, and Eva Zackova. Beyond Artificial Intelligence: Contemplations, Expectations, Applications. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2013. Internet resource. Pirrone, Roberto, and Filippo Sorbello. Ai*ia 2011: Artificial Intelligence Around Man and Beyond : Xiith Congress of the Italian Association for Artificial Intelligence, Palermo, Italy, September 15-17, 2011 : Proceedings. Berlin [etc.: Springer, 2011. Print Ford, Martin. Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of a Jobless Future. 2015. Internet resource. Callataÿ, Armand M. Natural and Artificial Intelligence: Misconceptions About Brains and Neural Networks. , 1992. Internet resource Zahn, Robert. The Origin of Intelligence: Past, Present and Future of Man. San Diego, Calif: Apollo Science Publishers, 2008. Print Read More

This means that ASI can develop scientifically essential concepts, has inherent wisdom like humans and also endowed with social skills. For example, computers that can preserve human conscience even after death. 3. Application of Artificial Intelligence. Artificial Intelligence is applied in almost all aspects of our lives today. From speech recognition, problem-solving, gaming, handwriting, to theorem proving. We have become dependent on these computers to help us conduct our daily chores to the extent that we cannot do without them.

The primary applications of AI are discussed below. 3.1 Language understanding and Speech recognition AI led to the birth of Intelligent Voice Assistants in modern smartphones. Many abound for example Cortana by Microsoft, Google Voice, Siri and many others. According to Apple, Siri, the virtual voice assistant in IOS devices receives close to I Billion voice commands weekly. Similarly, statistics presented by web giant, Ask Your Target Market indicate that 73% of Americans use voice assistants.

Globally, 62% of respondents said they use Siri, 40% preferred Google Now and 24% used Microsoft’s Cortana (Kelemen et al. 54). The primary focus of Voice Assistants is to understand not only English Language but also different native languages globally and thus enhance speech recognition. The development of VA has enabled people to use voice commands at home, in vehicles, etc. 3.2 Intelligent Robots Ford (60) observes that in big industries like Toyota, intelligently programmed robots are used to perform different tasks such as welding, inserting windscreens, carrying heavy equipment and tools, painting, etc.

These robots have significant memory, various sensors, and large processors that make up their AI. Some of these robots can learn from mistakes and make amendments. They can also perform automated tasks such as factory deliveries, bomb disposal, pipe inspection, space exploration, etc. 3.3 Problem Solving through Research AI is used today to solve problems through scientific research. For instance, when presented with a problem, AI examines possible solutions until an appropriate one is found.

AI systems do this in two ways, Breadth first research and depth first research. Breadth first research involves analysing the search tree from left to right one layer at a given time until a goal is realized. Depth first research on the analyses the search tree from the top node to the left path then to the lowest point repeatedly until a solution is found. 3.4 Gaming World The first calibre of AI is attributed to its ability to beat the Chess Grandmaster. Beyond that, it has done nothing else.

Almost all games are played following a particular set of rules. This opens doors for researchers to develop search spaces and ease problems that may be encountered less structured sets (Muller 21). The board Configurations that some of these games use can be configured into a computer without the need of complicated formalities. 3.5 Handwriting recognition This is involves converting human handwriting into a text that can easily be then fed into AI system, computer or tablet. Consider the use of stylus pen in smartphones (Pirrone and Filippo 7).

When one scribbles words on the smartphone screen, the handwriting recognition software in the computer changes it into text. Or a teacher who uses a smart board; his handwriting is transformed into text. However, handwriting recognition is still in its fetal stages since human beings do not have the same handwriting. That is, they write alphabetical letters differently. This calls for more development in this field by training AI systems to recognize different handwritings. 4. Pros and Cons of Artificial Intelligence 4.

1 Pros The major advantage of artificial intelligence is that computer systems unlike humans, do not need rest. They are capable of working continuously. For example, the do not sleep, get bored or tired. On the same note, intelligent robots can be used to do dangerous tasks that are risky to human.

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