Border Gateway Protocol - Main Stages, Finite-State Machine, Common BGP Problems - Essay Example

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) Name: Anas Masoudi ID number: 30089540 Lecturer: Glenn Stevens Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 2.0 The recent BGP Version 6 3.0 Protocol overview 7 The use of computer mediated communication facilitates the transfer of knowledge across various departments in an organization. This occurs through its technology which minimizes the use of face to face communication within an organization (Ji, et al. 2008).The costs associated with the use of computerized communication are less when compared to the use of face to face communication. This makes the communication process within an organization cost effective since less cost is incurred when using the computerized communication systems (McLeod et al. 1997). 7 Additionally, computer mediated communication is associated with removes non-verbal cues which contribute to power difference. This reduces the factors which contribute to unequal participation among various heterogeneous groups in an organization (Gillipsie, 2009). The use of the computer mediated communication promotes enjoyable interaction unlike the traditional face to face communication. This is due to it enhancing factors such as providing the participants freedom of thought expression which improves dialogue (Cascio, 2000). 7 The use of computer mediated communication reduces time constraints. This is associated with the use of the asynchronous technology which facilitates instant delivery of messages and other information within the organization. The use of computer mediated communication allows an organization to recruit highly qualified and talented individuals. These include those willing to be employed virtually and those not willing to be relocated (Dietz-Uhler, & Bishop-Clark, 2001).Additionally, computer mediated communication allows the organization advertise its various positions to be filled over a wide area of reach (Ean, 2011). 7 Computer mediated communication promotes the creation of equal opportunities in an organization. Physically disadvantaged workers have a greater access to a supportive environment as compared to the physical working environment. This contributes positively to the organization’s performance by creating diverse teams which foster innovation and creativity. The technology reduces the negative effects associated with age, gender and racial discrimination. This leads to equality in an organization leading to better performance and improved minority expression (McLeod et al. 1997). 8 Computer mediated communication increases the speed of employee interaction. This is due to its technology which accelerates the flow of information between various departments in an organization and other companies. The technology can be used by organizations located in remote areas due to flexibility associated with it (Gillipsie, 2009). Additionally, the use of the technology reduces the incidences of misunderstandings and other problems which are associated with the face to face communication. In most cases, the information conveyed through this medium enhances communication since the instructions are clearly provided to the intended recipient (McLeod et al. 1997). 8 The uses of the computer mediated communication enables people in an organization to store, exchange, and broadcast, edit and copy various written documents of their choices. The technology allows the employees to send information over a large of group of people with less cost making it cost effective to the organizations. Computer mediated communication is associated with few position and status cues. This is due to the blinding effect the technology has which enhances communication irrespective of one’s hierarchical position or social relationship. Therefore, equal participation is enhanced with the use of computer communication (Cascio, 2000). 8 Computer mediated communication uses technology that enhances problem solving in an organization. This occurs through the ability of the technology toelicitmore purposeful communication focused collaboration within the organization. The technology creates democracy within the organization’s workplace. The employees are provided with better connections which reduce the informational gaps existing within the organization (Dietz-Uhler, & Bishop-Clark, 2001).Computer mediated technology enhances collaboration within the work place. It allows for the joining together of various resources required to accomplish a specific activity irrespective of the organization’s location. Individuals who could have separated by geographical barriers are brought together by the use of the computer mediated communication (Clegg, et al. 2008). 9 Computer mediated communication facilitates the development of new products in an organization. Diverse opinions can be collected which provides the vital information for the quality improvement of the existing product. Diversification of opinions results to new innovations which can be adopted to enhance the performance of an organization (Hannagan et al.2008). Computer communication technologies such as interactive video calling enhance communication through informing the employees and gathering of new ideas in an organization. The technology allows for grater personal data manipulation which can be displayed to all the consumers of a specific product produced by the organization. Computer mediated communication requires less skills to operate. This is attributed to the easy to understand language and terminologies used by the system (Clegg, et al. 2008).6.0 Common BGP Problems 9 6.1 Instability 9 7.0 Advantages of BGP 10 7.1 BGP Security 10 One of the measures which organizations should adopt to improve the effectiveness of the computer mediated communication is through coming up with measures which will improve interpersonal relationships. This includes interventions such as increasing social presence and enhancing communication to eliminate the barriers associated with it (Cascio, 2000). Rules related to frequency of communication, the quality of communication knowledge access and feedback extent should be enacted. Members in an organization should be allowed to meet face to face. This will help by reducing interpersonal problems by increasing the social presence (Ean, 2011). 10 7.2 Topology Considerations 10 Additionally, strategic measures can be put in place to enhance the effectiveness of the computer mediated communication. These include training the employees on how to operate the systems, enhancing understanding and coordination among the employees (Dietz-Uhler, & Bishop-Clark, 2001). Employees should be encouraged to share their experiences among one another thereby helping to increase social interaction in the organization. Other interventions which can be adopted include recognizing the nature of the task being performed by the technology, and incorporating the face to face communication with the computerized mediated communication (Gillipsie, 2009). 10 7.3 Global Nature of BGP 10 The use of computer mediated communication is impersonal as compared to the face to face communication. Messages conveyed are depersonalized which may lead to problems associated with messages interpretation(Gillipsie, 2009). The communicators in computer mediated communication imagine the presence of their audience which affects the communication process. Computer mediated communication lacks regulating feedback mechanism. This is due to absence of both the non-verbal and socio-emotional cues. Therefore, this results to difficulties in message comprehension and coordination (Dietz-Uhler, & Bishop-Clark, 2001). 11 7.4 BGP Neighbor Relationships 12 Difficulties in knowledge sharing are likely to increase in an organization as a result of using the computer mediated communication. This is attributed to the language and cultural differences among the employees (McLeod et al. 1997).Cultural diversity leads to communication problems which affects the overall productivity in an organization. The use of computer mediated communication is also associated with information overload which affects the organization negatively. This occurs due to the use of improper databases and untrained people to maneuver the knowledge in the organization. Users of the computer mediated communication systems usually feel insignificant. This leads to lack of employee satisfaction as compared to the face to face communication (Ji, et al. 2008). 12 The use of computer mediated communication requires adequate infrastructure in an organization. The infrastructural demands are high which makes it difficult for many organizations to acquire thereby making it ineffective. This leads to difficulties in accessing vital information required in an organization (McLeod et al. 1997).The use of computer mediated communication promotes informal learning in the workplace. The senior management does not have the opportunity to interact with the employees leading to poor interaction and lack of capacity building among the employees (Ji, et al. 2008). 12 7.5 Policy Making with BGP 13 Despite the facts that computer mediated communication benefits the organization through the reduced costs, time and recruitment, it also has a number of disadvantages associated with it (Ji, et al. 2008). Computer mediated communication systems is prone to logistical and technical problems. These are time consuming, expensive to re-establish and require experts to repair hence, expensive. Some modes of computerized communication systems used in an organization are expensive to schedule as a result of time zone differences. These include instant messaging and video conferencing technologies used in an organization (McLeod et al. 1997). 13 The use of computer mediated communication requires technological expertise and extensive training. This demands a lot of expenditures which leads to inadequate adoption of the technology and widening of the gap difference between those who embrace technology and those lacking the required resources (Gillipsie, 2009). The use of computer mediated communication generates a lot of interpersonal challenges. This is attributed to difficulty in the communication process as a result of the absence of the non-verbal cues. The absence of the non-verbal cues contributes to the elimination of the social affinity which affects relationship formation (Cascio, 2000). The use of this technology as a means of communication causes difficulties in building trust within the organization. This affects the organization negatively by hindering the organization’s teamwork success (Ean, 2011). 13 Inter-personal challenges brought by the use of the computer mediated communication might lead to conflicts within an organization. This occurs as a result of interpersonal struggles which are expensive to manage in an organization thereby affecting the productivity(Dietz-Uhler, & Bishop-Clark, 2001).The use of computer mediated communication increases the risks of coordination difficulties in an organization. Coordination difficulties arises from lack of flexibility, visual cues and space hence, difficulties in establishing organization’s mission and vision (Cascio, 2000). 14 8.0 Conclusion 14 9.0 Reference 14 1.0 Introduction Border Gateway Protocol is a protocol that facilitates communications linking routers in different autonomous systems (Biennium, 2010).It is a standardized exterior gateway protocol that is designed to exchange routing and accessibility of information between different autonomous systems (AS). Biennium (2010) an autonomous system (AS) is a network or a set of networks that is under a shared technical administration and common routing guiding principle. BGP is often recognized as a path vector protocol though sometimes it can be classified as an expanse vector routing protocol (Berkowitz, 2005). The BGP does not entail traditional IGP metrics, however makes routing decisions based network policies, on path and/or rule-sets that are configured by a network administrator. The BPG plays a critical role in the overall operation of internet (Berkowitz, 2005). I keeping with Biennium (2010) it involve making crucial routing decisions. Biennium (2010) states that BGP has succeeded the EGP and has recently become the most used exterior gateway protocol by majority of the exterior gateway protocol since it allows for fully decentralized routing. In reference to Berkowitz (2005). BGP was originally designed to assist shift from the core ARPA net model to a more decentralized system that comprised the NSFNET backbone and the associated regional networks. 2.0 The recent BGP Version The recent version of the BPG is version 4 i.e. the BGP4, which has been codified in RFC4271 since 2006 (Biennium, 2010). Previously versions of the protocol are vastly considered obsolete and are not often supported. BGP4 has been used on the internet since 1994 and the major enhancement in this version was support for classless Inter-Domain Routing and applies route aggregation to reduce the size of routings. 3.0 Protocol overview The use of computer mediated communication facilitates the transfer of knowledge across various departments in an organization. This occurs through its technology which minimizes the use of face to face communication within an organization (Ji, et al. 2008).The costs associated with the use of computerized communication are less when compared to the use of face to face communication. This makes the communication process within an organization cost effective since less cost is incurred when using the computerized communication systems (McLeod et al. 1997). Additionally, computer mediated communication is associated with removes non-verbal cues which contribute to power difference. This reduces the factors which contribute to unequal participation among various heterogeneous groups in an organization (Gillipsie, 2009). The use of the computer mediated communication promotes enjoyable interaction unlike the traditional face to face communication. This is due to it enhancing factors such as providing the participants freedom of thought expression which improves dialogue (Cascio, 2000). The use of computer mediated communication reduces time constraints. This is associated with the use of the asynchronous technology which facilitates instant delivery of messages and other information within the organization. The use of computer mediated communication allows an organization to recruit highly qualified and talented individuals. These include those willing to be employed virtually and those not willing to be relocated (Dietz-Uhler, & Bishop-Clark, 2001).Additionally, computer mediated communication allows the organization advertise its various positions to be filled over a wide area of reach (Ean, 2011). Computer mediated communication promotes the creation of equal opportunities in an organization. Physically disadvantaged workers have a greater access to a supportive environment as compared to the physical working environment. This contributes positively to the organization’s performance by creating diverse teams which foster innovation and creativity. The technology reduces the negative effects associated with age, gender and racial discrimination. This leads to equality in an organization leading to better performance and improved minority expression (McLeod et al. 1997). Computer mediated communication increases the speed of employee interaction. This is due to its technology which accelerates the flow of information between various departments in an organization and other companies. The technology can be used by organizations located in remote areas due to flexibility associated with it (Gillipsie, 2009). Additionally, the use of the technology reduces the incidences of misunderstandings and other problems which are associated with the face to face communication. In most cases, the information conveyed through this medium enhances communication since the instructions are clearly provided to the intended recipient (McLeod et al. 1997). The uses of the computer mediated communication enables people in an organization to store, exchange, and broadcast, edit and copy various written documents of their choices. The technology allows the employees to send information over a large of group of people with less cost making it cost effective to the organizations. Computer mediated communication is associated with few position and status cues. This is due to the blinding effect the technology has which enhances communication irrespective of one’s hierarchical position or social relationship. Therefore, equal participation is enhanced with the use of computer communication (Cascio, 2000). Computer mediated communication uses technology that enhances problem solving in an organization. This occurs through the ability of the technology toelicitmore purposeful communication focused collaboration within the organization. The technology creates democracy within the organization’s workplace. The employees are provided with better connections which reduce the informational gaps existing within the organization (Dietz-Uhler, & Bishop-Clark, 2001).Computer mediated technology enhances collaboration within the work place. It allows for the joining together of various resources required to accomplish a specific activity irrespective of the organization’s location. Individuals who could have separated by geographical barriers are brought together by the use of the computer mediated communication (Clegg, et al. 2008). Computer mediated communication facilitates the development of new products in an organization. Diverse opinions can be collected which provides the vital information for the quality improvement of the existing product. Diversification of opinions results to new innovations which can be adopted to enhance the performance of an organization (Hannagan et al.2008). Computer communication technologies such as interactive video calling enhance communication through informing the employees and gathering of new ideas in an organization. The technology allows for grater personal data manipulation which can be displayed to all the consumers of a specific product produced by the organization. Computer mediated communication requires less skills to operate. This is attributed to the easy to understand language and terminologies used by the system (Clegg, et al. 2008).6.0 Common BGP Problems 6.1 Instability 7.0 Advantages of BGP 7.1 BGP Security One of the measures which organizations should adopt to improve the effectiveness of the computer mediated communication is through coming up with measures which will improve interpersonal relationships. This includes interventions such as increasing social presence and enhancing communication to eliminate the barriers associated with it (Cascio, 2000). Rules related to frequency of communication, the quality of communication knowledge access and feedback extent should be enacted. Members in an organization should be allowed to meet face to face. This will help by reducing interpersonal problems by increasing the social presence (Ean, 2011). 7.2 Topology Considerations Additionally, strategic measures can be put in place to enhance the effectiveness of the computer mediated communication. These include training the employees on how to operate the systems, enhancing understanding and coordination among the employees (Dietz-Uhler, & Bishop-Clark, 2001). Employees should be encouraged to share their experiences among one another thereby helping to increase social interaction in the organization. Other interventions which can be adopted include recognizing the nature of the task being performed by the technology, and incorporating the face to face communication with the computerized mediated communication (Gillipsie, 2009). 7.3 Global Nature of BGP According to Biennium (2010) a global level BGP distributes routing information among numerous Autonomous systems. This information flows can be demonstrated as follows. The use of computer mediated communication is impersonal as compared to the face to face communication. Messages conveyed are depersonalized which may lead to problems associated with messages interpretation(Gillipsie, 2009). The communicators in computer mediated communication imagine the presence of their audience which affects the communication process. Computer mediated communication lacks regulating feedback mechanism. This is due to absence of both the non-verbal and socio-emotional cues. Therefore, this results to difficulties in message comprehension and coordination (Dietz-Uhler, & Bishop-Clark, 2001). . 7.4 BGP Neighbor Relationships Difficulties in knowledge sharing are likely to increase in an organization as a result of using the computer mediated communication. This is attributed to the language and cultural differences among the employees (McLeod et al. 1997).Cultural diversity leads to communication problems which affects the overall productivity in an organization. The use of computer mediated communication is also associated with information overload which affects the organization negatively. This occurs due to the use of improper databases and untrained people to maneuver the knowledge in the organization. Users of the computer mediated communication systems usually feel insignificant. This leads to lack of employee satisfaction as compared to the face to face communication (Ji, et al. 2008). The use of computer mediated communication requires adequate infrastructure in an organization. The infrastructural demands are high which makes it difficult for many organizations to acquire thereby making it ineffective. This leads to difficulties in accessing vital information required in an organization (McLeod et al. 1997).The use of computer mediated communication promotes informal learning in the workplace. The senior management does not have the opportunity to interact with the employees leading to poor interaction and lack of capacity building among the employees (Ji, et al. 2008). 7.5 Policy Making with BGP Despite the facts that computer mediated communication benefits the organization through the reduced costs, time and recruitment, it also has a number of disadvantages associated with it (Ji, et al. 2008). Computer mediated communication systems is prone to logistical and technical problems. These are time consuming, expensive to re-establish and require experts to repair hence, expensive. Some modes of computerized communication systems used in an organization are expensive to schedule as a result of time zone differences. These include instant messaging and video conferencing technologies used in an organization (McLeod et al. 1997). The use of computer mediated communication requires technological expertise and extensive training. This demands a lot of expenditures which leads to inadequate adoption of the technology and widening of the gap difference between those who embrace technology and those lacking the required resources (Gillipsie, 2009). The use of computer mediated communication generates a lot of interpersonal challenges. This is attributed to difficulty in the communication process as a result of the absence of the non-verbal cues. The absence of the non-verbal cues contributes to the elimination of the social affinity which affects relationship formation (Cascio, 2000). The use of this technology as a means of communication causes difficulties in building trust within the organization. This affects the organization negatively by hindering the organization’s teamwork success (Ean, 2011). Inter-personal challenges brought by the use of the computer mediated communication might lead to conflicts within an organization. This occurs as a result of interpersonal struggles which are expensive to manage in an organization thereby affecting the productivity(Dietz-Uhler, & Bishop-Clark, 2001).The use of computer mediated communication increases the risks of coordination difficulties in an organization. Coordination difficulties arises from lack of flexibility, visual cues and space hence, difficulties in establishing organization’s mission and vision (Cascio, 2000). 8.0 Conclusion BGP is a crucial constituent of the internet that connect virtually all autonomous systems across the globally. BGP has prevailed due to its incessant adaption to different requirements and will remain as the standard protocol of inter-domain routing. Arguably, equipment vendors, service providers and enterprise customers all depend on interoperability, scalability and performance of their network equipments to perform various services that are critical to their communications and major infrastructures. The BGP protocol presents a high degree of flexibility and control for performing interdomain routing at the same time enforce policy and performance constraints as well as avoid routing loops. 9.0 Reference Cascio, W. F. (2000). Managing a virtual workplace. Academy of Management Executive, 14(3), 81-90. Clegg, S., Kornberger, M., & Pitsis, T. (2008). Managing and organizations - An introduction to theory & practice (2nd ed.). Sage Publications. Dietz-Uhler, B., & Bishop-Clark, C. (2001). The use of computer-mediated communication to enhance subsequent face-to-face discussions. Computers in Human Behavior, 17, 269- 283. Ean L. C. (2011). Computer mediated communication and organizational communication: the use of communication technology in the workplace. The Journal of the South East Asia Research Center for Communication and Humanities. Vol. 3. Pp. 1-12. Gillipsie C. C. (2009). A study of communication to be used for classroom instruction. Journal of Industrial technology. Vol. 15 pp. 1-23. Hannagan, T. (Ed.). (2008). Management: Concepts and practices (5th ed.). Harlow: Financial Times. Prentice Hall, Pearson Education Limited. Ji, H. S., Hollenbeck, C. R., & Zinkhan, G. M. (2008). The value of human warmth: Social presence cues and computer-mediated communications. Advances in Consumer Research - North American Conference Proceedings, 35, 793. McLeod, L. P., Baron, R. S., Weighner Marti, M., & Kuh Yoon, M. (1997). The eyes have it: Minority influence in face-to-face and computer-mediated group discussion. Journal of Applied Psychology. Read More