Welsh and the Galician Language in the Northwestern Part of Spain - Essay Example

Introduction Apparently, it is worth noting that language plays a huge role in identification of individuals in society. On that note, language serves a variety of functions. For instance it unites individuals such as people who speak the same language. Such cohorts in society are bound to be more united than those who do not share a common language (Baxter, 2013). In addition to that, language also serves the purpose of the primary goal of facilitating the exchange of ideas. For instance promotion of a forum in which people can communicate efficiently. In fact, people are able to communicate well in their native language as compared to other languages (Davies, 1989). Therefore, through the use of the language one is comfortable with, an individual is able to be confident in communication and hence facilitate the efficiency of the delivery of the message or the idea being passed on. This paper strives to focus majorly on two languages, that is welsh and the Galician language in the north western part of Spain. Furthermore the subsequent sections of this paper will document the comparative analysis of the two languages basing the argument on the language policy of the languages (Aitchison, 1994). On the same point, the paper will discuss in depth the details pertaining to the two languages. Evidently, in a bid to conclusively outline the similarities and the differences of the two languages, it is essential to study the languages with an analytical mind in order to achieve the objectives of the paper. Notably, we are going to discuss the history and the emergence of the two languages while at the same time comparing the two. It is important to note that, welsh language is a language spoken in the country of Wales while the Galician language is a language spoken in the north western part of the Spanish country and spans over the neighboring country Portugal. However, in this paper we are going to focus on the Galician language in Spain as opposed to Portugal (Beswick, 2002). Evidently, the Galician language can be described as a language categorized as the western Ibero-romance. On the same note, the language is spoken by approximately well over 3 million people all over the world. In fact it is vastly used in Galicia which is an autonomous society that can be traced in the northern part of Spain (Baxter, 2013). Evidently, within the region, the Galician language is used as the official language alongside the Spanish language. In fact, the language has spanned well over the neighboring regions of Asturias which are located along the borders of the countries Spain and Portugal. It is worth noting that the language is also used in the larger region of Latin America, United States of America and also in Switzerland by the immigrants from the Galician region (Beswick, 2002). On the other hand, the Welsh language is grouped under languages falling within the category of the Brythonic branch of the Celtic languages spoken in the country of Wales (Aitchison, 1994). In addition to tha,t the welsh language has also spanned over the borders of England and also in Y Wladfa province located in the south American state of Argentina which was initially a colony of Wales thus the adoption of the language. Furthermore, the Galician language is further grouped under a larger category of languages enveloped in the Portuguese language chain. In fact, both of the languages share an origin that can be traced to the same time and place in memory (Molinero, 2006).Notably, the Portuguese-Galician lyric traced in the late 13th century towards the beginning of the 14th century was attributed as the most renowned work of literature in Europe in the middle ages. Essentially, the divergence of the Galician dialect of the Portuguese language was first noticed during this period in the middle ages (Davies, 1989). Although the language largely borrows from the Portuguese, the Galician language is dominantly traced of extracted from the Latin language. However, the Galician language in the Galician region is regulated by the Royal Galician academy which is mandated with the task of ensuring that the uniqueness and the identity of the language are safeguarded. In actual fact, this is mandated with the task of preventing the language from becoming extinct as a result of being consumed by other predominant languages for instance Latin and the Portuguese which t are almost similar to this. On the other hand other organizations in the area of linguistics for instance the Galician association of language and the Galician academy of Portuguese language also delves to study and safe guard the Galician language. In contradiction, it is worth noting that the census conducted in Wales in 2011 yielded the results that out of about 3 million residents, it was noted that approximately 73% of this population were not aware of the welsh language skills (Davies, 1989). On the same note, the statistics also showed that out of the residents of Wale of the age above three years, approximately 19% of the total populations were able to communicate in welsh. Furthermore, it was also noted that the 77% of those who could speak welsh, were able to read and write the language (Beswick, 2002). Evidently, welsh speaking individuals are a relatively small population as compared to the vastly spread of other languages for instance English. On the other hand, by the 2013, it was estimated that a population of about 2,765,940 people were citizens of the region of north Spain which was largely the Galician speaking people. Notably, this number is approximately the same as that of the Welsh speaking people in Wales. It is important to note that the population of the Welsh society in Britain has not been determined due to the vast area that they have covered in the country. Notably, in the year 1993, a Welsh language television channel relayed the result of the survey conducted to determine the number of people who speak and understand the Welsh language in England. On the same note, the results showed that an estimated that about 133,000 Welsh speaking people were living in England and an approximated 50,000 Welsh people were residing in the London at the time the survey was carried out (Baxter, 2013). In simple, terms it is evident that the Welsh language has spanned over a wide region as compared to the Galician language. However, in addition it also determined that approximately 100,000 in the countries of Scotland and Northern Ireland. Notably, in the modern day the Welsh speaking people have moved diversely past the borders of England (Davies, 1989). On that note, it is important to highlight that Arch Enfield remained to be dominated by the Welsh speaking people to the extent that the bible was translated into the Welsh language as since it was seen as the common language in the area (Aitchison, 1994). In an opposing point of view, it is has been established that the Galician language was dominant in the Galicia region until they were subdued as a result of shift in the administration to the Castilian tribes. However, in subsequent years the Galician people have been able to reclaim their status and consequently, dominate the area. Laying reference to the historical records, they show that the majority of the Welsh speaking people only spoke the language exclusively, in other words, they were unable to speak or communicate in any other language for instance English which is used by the majority of the population in England. Similarly, for the Galician people, who were only able to communicate efficiently in Galician as opposed to Spanish which was dominant and well known in the region. Though, both languages are minor as compared to others commonly used languages for instance Spanish, it is mandatory to study the origin and the development of the languages over the years However, despite the minority status of the two languages, they are recognized languages, in other words, they are official languages which identify a particular society and therefore this postulates that the languages are growing but on a minimal scale as compared to the other languages. In fact, the Welsh language measure of 2011 served to make the welsh language attain the official status in Wales and consequently, to the rest of the world (Davies, 1989). On the contrary, we are going to study the history of the two languages in order to establish the origin, the organization of the languages in terms of the policies. Essentially, welsh as a language can trace it origin back to the 6th century from the common Brittonic which has been termed as the ancestor of the welsh language among other languages. On that note, the history of the Welsh language can be categorized based on four major periods (Aitchison, 1994). Evidently, the first period was marked by the evolution of the Brittonic language which is at times referred to as the ancient version of welsh, in other words, referred to as the primitive welsh. The period that followed was termed as the old welsh period, which the period between the early 9th century is spanning into the 12th century. On the same point, the third quarter of the development of the language was between the 12th century and spread well into the 14th century (Beswick, 2002). In addition, the period in the history of the language was termed as the middle Welsh period. Lastly, the last phase in the development of the language was named as the modern Welsh period which is further categorized into the early and the late modern Welsh period. On that note, the name Welsh originated for the exonym which was named by the Anglo-Saxons and it bears the meaning foreign language speech. It is evident that the history of the Welsh language has been long and a lot of challenges had to be overcome along the way in a bid to safeguard the uniqueness of the language (Baxter, 2013). On the same note, it is important to note that the assimilation by other larger and more dominant languages has posed the largest problem in the development of the language as a whole. In addition to that, this has been able to be prevented through the enactment of the appropriate legislation which has been mandated with the task of making the Welsh language an official language thus recognized in a bid to avoid the extinction of the language. However, it is evident that the fact that since the language has a minimal population the growth has been slow and therefore, through the study of it we are able to appreciate the relevance of the preservation of the minor languages (Davies, 1989). On the contrary, the Galician language is traced back to the Medieval Galician, in other words, the Old Galician (Beswick, 2002). In addition to that history has shown that the ancient Galician language was used vastly in the kingdom of Galicia, which is the present day northern Spain and the Portugal region. Notably, in the 13th century, the Galician language become acknowledged and people strived to write using the language thus this was the development phase of the language into the present day language. It is important to note that the Galician language together with the Portuguese form the language dialect referred to as the continuum (Aitchison, 1994). However, it is argued by scholars that the continuum dialect is still visible in the world especially in the rural level. In contradiction, other linguistic scholars argue that the level of divergence of the Portuguese from the Galician language has widened over the years thus the two in the present are two distinct but almost similar languages (Davies, 1989). Furthermore, the Galician-Portuguese traces its roots from the vulgar form of the Latin language. Apparently, it was described as taking a romantic definition of the language (Baxter, 2013). The linguistic status of the Galician language with respect to the Portuguese language is therefore a confusing matter as it at times arouses emotions. Apparently, linguistics in who delve to study the modern Galician language describe and study the Portuguese language as a different version of the Galician language and the same occurs to the linguistics who delves to study the Portuguese language. However, some other authors and scholars still view the two languages as co-dialect in spite of the differences for instance in vocabulary, pronunciation among other differences that exist. Consequently, in order to understand the Galician language it is mandatory to study the Portuguese language since they are similar (Beswick, 2002). Moreover, the Galician language was born as a result of the evolution Latin in the Galician province as a result of the inhabitants of very many diverse languages in the region for instance the Para Celtic languages (Davies, 1989). In the subsequent years, the aftermath of the Golden age in the mediaeval times was marked by the language undergoing a process of substitution with the Castilian dialect over a long period of time (Aitchison, 1994). It is worth noting that I 1983, the Linguistic Normalization law was passed and this served to salvage the remains of the Galician language and consequently, boost the development of the language under the supervision of the public administration among other interested organizations in the region. Notably, the Welsh language rallied support for its development as it grew as time went by. On that point, as a result of the emergence of Nationalist party, which served to fight for the acknowledgement of the language as an official language and acquiring of the same status as the other languages for instance English and Spanish. Apparently, the legislation enacted in 1993, Welsh language act and the Government of Wales act in 1998 postulated for the equal and fair consideration of the Welsh language in the area of business and education (Aitchison, 1994). Essentially, every public body in the region was required to allow the Welsh language scheme which was mandated to show the sectors commitment to the promotion of equality in terms of treatment, irrespective of the specific language group in which one belongs to. Consequently, the aftermath of this was that the public sector was mandated with the task of satisfying the interests of the Welsh language scheme which went ahead to be advocate for the formation of the National assembly Wales in the year 1997 (Baxter, 2013). On the same note, the government minister in charge with the Welsh language went ahead to postulate with the aid of the statutory Instrument highlighting in detail the sectors that need to prepare their schemes aimed at ensuring the equality of the English language and the Welsh language (Davies, 1989). Evidently, through the publishing of Welsh article for instance by organizations such as the railway and banks served to ensure that the Welsh language was upheld in Wales consequently, contributing to the growth of the language as a whole (Beswick, 2002). It is worth noting that the Welsh language with the aid of the appropriate laws put in place, the language is bound to expand vastly to the globe since it has been able to be recognized as one of the languages in the world and thus people have the urge to learn the language. In addition to that, in the year 2010, 7th December the Wales assembly unanimously approved the incorporation of a set of measures in the country which were to promote the use and consequently foster the growth of the Welsh language in the country (Beswick, 2002). On the same point, in the beginning of the following year, it is important to note that the measures approved by the assembly were backed up by the royal authority and this was mandated at enabling the language acquire official status in Wales (Molinero, 2006). On the same note, the measures passed are documented as a follows. Firstly, the policies assert the official status of the Welsh language in Wale and the need to safeguard it. In addition, the measure was also tasked with the roe of creation of a system which was tasked with assigning duties to bodies for the provision of services through the use of the Welsh language (Aitchison, 1994). The policy also oversaw the creation of the Welsh tribunal which tasked with the role of hearing the grievances of the Welsh society. Furthermore, the new legislation was also tasked with the role of the creation of a commissioner with strong affiliation to the Welsh society who in turn was to oversee the following of the rights of the Welsh speaking people in Wales. Moreover, the new measures gave mandate to individuals to appeal against decisions pertaining to the matter of providing services in the Welsh language (Baxter, 2013). The new policies also allow for the formation of the World Language Partnership council which was tasked with the role of providing advice to the government on ways in which the Welsh language could be preserved and consequently, uplifted in the country (Davies, 1989). Finally, the new policies postulate the provision of the investigation to be carried out by the Welsh language commissioner on instances in which the Welsh’s language freedom could be under threat form the other languages for instance English which was quite dominant in the Wales region as compared to any other language (Molinero, 2006). In contradiction, initially, the Galician language was not a legally recognized language in Spain in the world. Evidently, the Galician region is in the present day legally recognized as an autonomous society with its own administrative body. On that point, the statute that gives recognition to this fact was formulated and enacted in the year 1981 (Beswick, 2002). Notably, it is also at this time that the Galician language became recognized chosen as the co-official language of this particular society, in other words the people of this region could use the language freely without fear of persecution. In addition to that, the government of the Galician region passed the law of linguistic normalization in 1983 (Aitchison, 1994). Apparently, this was mandated with the role of mainstreaming the Galician language into the education, media among other spheres of the society. In the subsequent years, with the adoption of appropriate policies to complement the legislation set, the step towards the normalization of the language has been achieved (Davies, 1989). On that note, the language has been incorporated into the administrative structures of the government for instance the judiciary, the law enforcement agencies among other organs. It is worth noting that the legislative framework has served to facilitate the knowledge and the use of the language freely in the Galicia region (Baxter, 2013). Consequently, the Galician language has been able to recover and at the same time grow rapidly in terms of the usage in the region and in the globe as a result of the immigrants of Galician descent (Davies, 1989). In addition to that the incorporation of the language into the education system has served to improve the quality and also facilitate more people to go to school thus the development of the country is inevitable. In summation, the Galician language has been able to grow tremendously as a result of numerous factors which are named in the previous sections of this paper. Therefore, in the present day the language is being used vastly around the globe. On the other hand, a study of the Welsh language distribution in the world serves to show us the extent of spread. On that note, it is important to note that the study has shown that Welsh has been dominant in Wales but history documents that by the year 1911 it had become a minority language spoken at approximately 43.5% of the total population in the country (Beswick, 2002). Although the decline of the language has been recorded in the course of history, the language has not grown extinct. Evidently, in the beginning of the 21st century, an increased growth in the usage of the language was recorded due to a number of factors (documented earlier). Apparently, in 2004 a survey on the Welsh language yielded, 21.7% of the population in Wales was found to be Welsh speakers (Aitchison, 1994). However, the Galician language had been dominant in the north western Spain until the inhabitance of the Castilian people who served to influence the demise of the language as a result of attempts to assimilate the language through discouraging its use. Similarly, an increased use of the Galician language has been recorded over the years. Evidently, it is investable to ignore the role of the local authorities in the development of both Galician and the Welsh languages. On that point, they were mandated with the task of promotion of the public use of the language and its relevance to the areas of education, culture and business among other areas in the society. Apparently, in the case of the Galician language, it is important to note that the consolidation of the language occurred in the 20th century. Essentially, the recovery phase of the Galician language, culture and the language was asserted towards the end of the 20th century (Baxter, 2013). In addition to that the acquisition of the status of official language alongside the Castilian and other languages was able to be achieved in the region of Galicia. Moreover, the 20th century was marked by the use of Galician in schools and the establishment of conventions dedicated with the task of analyzing the unique features of this language for instance the spelling and the morphological characteristics of this language (Beswick, 2002). Similarly, the welsh government was able to pass new policies which served to govern the Welsh language and the public and private bodies were under strict scrutiny in order to establish whether they were in compliance with the new set of rules and regulations pertaining to the Welsh language (Baxter, 2013). On that note, the minister for Heritage at the time, Alun Fred Jones in Wale was quoted saying that the Welsh language was a source of pride to the country whether or not one was able to speak the language and was happy on the steps taken to improve the language use in the country or not since it uniquely identifies the people of Wales (Davies, 1989). He continues to say that, he was proud to of the role he had to play in the acquisition of the official status of the language through fostering for the passing of the appropriate legislation that governs the development and the improvement of the quality of the service delivery in the Welsh language (Molinero, 2006). However, it is important to note that the road for the adoption of these policies was not as smooth as it may seem, strong opposition was in place striving to argue that the policies did not give rights to the Welsh speaking people in all spheres of life. On the contrary as time went by the opposition was overcome and the language was able to thrive and grow in the country of Wales (Aitchison, 1994). Furthermore, towards the end of the 20th century, when the survey was carried out, it was established that the population of the people who spoke Welsh exclusively was minimal as compared to the previous year (Beswick, 2002). On that note, the survey captured the population of the Welsh speaking people had revolutionized and in turn learned other languages for instance English and also spoke Welsh. Moreover, it was noted that the language learned by the Welsh people was dependent on the region the people reside in. apparently, those people of Welsh residing in the South American state for instance Argentina have learned Spanish and the people residing in the British empire have learned to English which is the most commonly used language in the region (Baxter, 2013). However, the Welsh speaking people are comfortable expressing themselves as the Welsh as opposed to the new languages they have learned since this serves to prevent their independence and consequently, discourage any chances of being extinct as a result of the assimilation into other larger languages for instance English and the Spanish languages among other (Molinero, 2006). Likewise for the Galician population, the Galician people being the minority group up to date in the Galicia region which is heavily dominated by the Castilian people, it was noticed that they had to learn the Castilian languages and at times Spanish which was vastly used in the area. However, the research also shows that when it came to matters of identification, the Galician people identified themselves as Galician speaking individuals as opposed to the new language culture they had to adopt (Baxter, 2013). It is evident that the Galician language has been used widely in the media setting in the area of north Spain in the recent times. Apparently, the founding of Galician speaking television station, in other words, the televisi`on de Galicia was an important step towards acknowledging the independence of the language (Davies, 1989). On that note, the station first broadcasted in the year 1983 and served to be the forerunner for the Galician speaking media. Evidently, up to date it is clear that the usage of the language has increased in the media fraternity for instance the setting up of a round the clock news station which broadcast in Galician language, and the biggest step was the broadcasting in the digital terrestrial grid (Davies, 1989). Moreover, the Galician language has also been seen in print media. On that note, the existence of a national based newspaper; La vos de Galicia which publishes Galician, it is clear that the use of the language in media has grown. Although the Welsh language is on the verge of extinction, it applications have been seen far and wide in the media sector of Wales. Apparently, the BBC Wales is one of the news television stations that is mostly watched in the region and it broadcasts in Welsh. In addition to that, BBC radio Cymru in the radio broadcasting industry has been able to relay feeds to the public in Welsh thus promoting the use of the language in the country. Also, the print media has not been left behind. On that note, the western mail and the Wales Sunday newspaper editions are examples of print media conveying reports in the Welsh language. Apparently, the success of the incorporation of the Welsh language is seen by the use of the language by the local authorities and the national assembly of Wales. On the same note, this is evident by the issuing of literature in both the English language and in Welsh (Beswick, 2002). In addition to that, the language has also been incorporate into the educational sector through the incorporation of the language in the syllabus and also the use of the language to teach in educational institutions in the country (Molinero, 2006). Moreover, the road signs among other important notifications have been written in both the Welsh language and the English language which was not the case in the earlier years where they were just written in the English language. On another aspect, the Welsh and the Galician language are two distinct but somehow have the some similarities. Apparently, both languages trace their roots to the Latin language. On that note for the case of the Galician language, it is termed as having derived it is root from the romance Latin. In addition to that it is described at time to have derived its basis from the vulgar form of the Latin language. On the other hand the Welsh language also shows the same roots from the Latin language (Aitchison, 1994). In addition to that, it is important to note that both languages are minority languages that could have been assimilated into other languages. Evidently, through the study of the history of both languages, we are able to notice that the growth rates of the two languages have been on the decreasing end, but they have not been able to be wiped out completely (Davies, 1989). Furthermore, in both cases the intervention of the local authorities and the government was necessary in order to prevent the extinction of the two languages. Incidentally, appropriate legislation was put in place in a bid make both languages official and consequently promote the usage of the two in different spheres of life for instance in the educational systems (Baxter, 2013). Furthermore, it is worth noting that the people speaking the languages over the years have had to learn the other dominant languages. On that point, for the case of the Galician language, they had to learn Spanish and for the case of the Welsh they had to learn English for those in England and Latin for the Welsh speaking people in the South American continent in other words, Argentina (Beswick, 2002). In addition, the Galician and the Welsh languages are by far different in terms of many factors. Apparently, the Welsh language is hugely used in the in Wales and the neighboring regions for instance Scotland, Ireland among other regions (Beswick, 2002). On the other hand the Galician language is vastly used in the region of north western part of Spain and the neighboring country of Portugal (Davies, 1989). In addition to that, it is worth noting that the Galician language is closely related to the Portuguese and is at times referred to as a dialect of the same. In contradiction, the Welsh language borrows more from Latin and is not in any way similar to the Portuguese language. In conclusion, the Galician and the Welsh languages are minority languages in the world and therefore there is a need to preserve their existence in a bid to understand the history of a particular region in which they occur. In addition to that, it is evident that the two languages are slowly growing and spanning into the globe. 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