The Role of Non-governmental Actors in Sino-American Relations since 1900s - Thesis Example

THE ROLE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ACTORS IN SINO-AMERICAN RELATIONS SINCE 1900s THESIS MENT The paper highlights the influence and impact of non-governmental actors that include business entities, education institutions and religious groups have towards the development of working relations in the Asian-Pacific region. Additionally, the influences of education, commerce, and religion have in the transformation of the Sino-American foreign relations. Apart from this, the paper discusses the reasons for Asians to be skeptical of American presence in the region. INTRODUCTION Over the last century, the working relations in the Asia-Pacific region have increasingly devolved owing to complexities as well as multifaceted relations amid Sino-American. Various non-governmental actors including business entities, religious groups, educational institutions and the media are identified to play a critical role towards the establishment and the maintenance of good working relations in the Asian-Pacific region. The Sino-American relations have been of neither an ally nor an enemy type, as the US government considers China as a competitor in different spheres that economic growth and business development among others. The US is identified as the world greatest power and on the other hand, China is recognized as the emerging country with greatest power. The relationship between the US and China has been skeptical due to different factors that include political interests, sovereignty and balance of power among others (Kim 1-28). Non-governmental actors that include business entities, religious groups, educational institutions, private firm and the media have changed the traditional pattern of working relations of Sino-American. The introduction of the non-government actors have developed a new era in terms of political, social and legislative structure. In this regard, the development of the non-governmental actors in the Asia-Pacific region has positively influenced towards the development of education, religion and commence to a large extent. Subsequently, development in the field of religion, education and commerce has assisted in transforming and creating better Sino-American relations. Respectively, the presence of non-governmental actors has ensured the growth of Asia-Pacific civil society and has improved the internal governance structures (Kim 1-28). HISTORY OF WORKING RELATION IN ASIA-PACIFIC REGION The US and China are the two most powerful country in terms of military, trade, economic growth and population among others. However, the relationship amid these two countries have been challenging since 1990s due to different historical context. The historical overview of the working relations is described hereunder. Traditional Civilizations. Traditionally, the Asia-Pacific region operated as a civilization rather that a state or a sovereign power as practiced in the Western culture. In this regard, differences were identified in the working procedures of the Asia-Pacific regions. Subsequently, the differences in the working culture created challenges in developing effective working relations in the Asia-Pacific region (McDougall 1-31). The Era of Imperialism. During this phase, Europeans were particularly interested in trade and missionaries In the Asia-Pacific region. The trading or working relations in the Asia-Pacific region were not focused on establishing political control rather emphasized towards the achievement of strategic and economic objectives. The period also witnessed that different unequal treaties forced China to provide a number of concessions to the US or other Western powers for trading operations (McDougall 1-31). Since 1945. The Second World War confirmed that the America is a major power in the Asia-Pacific region. Several countries of the Asia-Pacific region have depended on its conventional military power, diplomatic influences and nuclear umbrella in order to attain their security needs. However, these aspects have been changed in the last few decades as different countries of Asia-Pacific region have developed in an immense manner in the field of trade operations and political stability among others. In this context, the development of the Asia-Pacific region has paced the transformation of the Sino-American relation since the last fifty years. Respectively, the working relations in the Asia-Pacific region was adversely challenging owing to different factors that include non-adherence to Western culture in work as well as trade, inappropriate management structure and political instability among others. The challenges were mainly witnessed in the working relations since 1990s owing to lack of government control and measures. In this regard, the different non-governmental actors that include religious groups and business entities among others have assisted in developing trade and working relations in the region. Additionally, the development of the non-governmental actors has assisted in the building ethnicity, commerce and education system based on which the working relations have enhanced to a large extent (Freeman 3-17). Moreover, from the period of 1990s, different conflict situations are witnessed, which adversely affected the relationship of the countries of Asia-Pacific regions with that of Western countries. Contextually, several countries around the world have improved their defense security system with the aim of political as well as social stability. As an effect, the American defense spending has decreased dramatically. Correspondingly, most of the countries in the Asia-Pacific region have re-examined their national security and foreign policies in order to enhance the working relations. The development of the Asia-Pacific region has stabilized the area in terms of commerce, politics and religion today and it has been observed as a more efficient in terms of working relation (McDougall 1-31). INFLUENCE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ACTORS ON TRANSFORMATION OF SINO-AMERICAN FOREIGN RELATIONS During the last decade, the US has emphasized towards improving and consolidating the Sino-American relation in order to expand wide range of global and regional issues especially with China. America and China has faced different kinds of challenges during the period of rapid globalization. Apart from this, the growing strategic independence has increased the number of challenges in front of the US and China with regard to trade and business entity development. Globalization has been an important factor that has driven the non-governmental actors to manage and develop bilateral relations between the foreign countries (Garrett 389-415; Spence “The Sino-American Decade”). The US has brought wide range of strategic options that include open market operations, foreign direct investment and advanced technology. China has supplied low-cost labor and labor-intensive components in order to maintain the global manufacturing supply chains. China has focused on the rapidly growing market in order to enhance the productivity. Additionally, the diversification of business entities on a global context has assisted in developing the technological conditions in an enhanced manner. Accordingly, China has been facilitated with the opportunity of adopting high range technology and applied research methods with the development of business entities. Simultaneously, China has relied on human efficiency and higher-education spectrum for the growth and development of working relations (Garrett 389-415; Spence “The Sino-American Decade”). According to Garrett (2006), with increased globalization, Chines has used its growing economic and political conditions in order to reduce US regional influence in East Asian Zone (Garrett 389-415). China has tried to use its growing military power in order to sustain a better position in the world. After the 1990s, Chines multinationals and recognized brands started moving towards Japan and Korea in order to expand their business range. In addition, Chines leaders have become more concerned about implementing and developing business in order to enhance the foreign trade relationship (Garrett 389-415; Spence “The Sino-American Decade”). In the meanwhile, US economy remained dynamic and flexible. ‘Gross Domestic Product’ (GDP) rate of America has grown in a slow slowly. In this context, current shifts of geographical power in the Asia-Pacific region have are important for the US for sustaining a leading position as a greatest power. Major Asian countries have become global economic and political actors in the present scenario owing to the development of non-governmental factors. Thus, in the 21st century, the US has identified that Asia-Pacific region is one of the potential regions in the globe in terms of economy, because Asia has accomplished highest amount of growth during the last decade due to globalization (Garrett 389-415; Spence “The Sino-American Decade”). During the early 21st century, the radical power has been shifted towards Asia-Pacific region. The US has been remained occupied in dealing the issues with Middle East with the terrorism issues. Such issues have put a negative effect on the current economic condition of the US. Mostly, the issues have caused the budgetary deficit and high unemployment in the US. Apart from this, terrorism issues have created political discomfort and religion related issues in America, which adversely affected the working relations with the Asia-Pacific region (Tran 1-23; Spence “The Sino-American Decade”). On the other hand, China has emphasized towards developing economy, political and military powers in order to maintain its good working relations with the foreign countries. Due to involvement of various non-governmental actors such as business entities, religious groups, educational institutions and the media China have abled to ensure its position towards the transformation Sino-American foreign relations to a large extent. In addition, china has established a better working relationship with many regional countries. (Tran 1-23; Spence “The Sino-American Decade”). Non-governmental actors have assisted in implementing technological developments in an effective manner. Moreover, the political system of countries in the Asia-Pacific region is identified to be supportive in adopting technological advancement with better positivity. The US and China are identified as the key actors in terms of power, economics and trade. In this respect, it can be asserted that US large multinational corporations and global media have aided in building a better competitive position on a global context (Leonhardt van Efferink, “Dale Walton: Great Powers, US-China Relationship, Non-State Actors, 21st Century”). REASONS BEHIND ASIANS NOT WELCOMING AS WELL AS SKEPTICAL OF AMERICAN PRESENCE IN THEIR REGION Since 1990s, the US and China have been involved with different conflict situations for different factors that include political instability, lack of sovereignty and religion riots among others. During the end of World War II, the US was the supreme power holder around the entire globe. However, over the years due to globalization and involvement of non-governmental actors, Asia-Pacific region has been identified to develop in term of commerce, education and region around the world. China has focused towards the development of a stable political condition. Apart from this, China has also emphasized towards industrial development in order to accomplish high economic growth around the world. Moreover, during the last couple of decade it has been observed that the China has tried to develop strong relationship with the foreign countries with the aim of enhancing and establishing good working relations in the Asian-Pacific region (Spence “The Sino-American Decade”). Apart from this, China has also realized that wide range of open market operation and foreign direct investment has raised difficulties and challenges for the United States in terms of economy and culture. Thus, China has remained cautious regarding such issues. Accordingly, China is identified to prevent outside business enterprises from entering its market. Apart from this, China has certain limitation in obtaining foreign direct investment in order to prevent the influence of foreign companies in the political and social conditions. Over the last couple of decades, China has maintained good working relations in the Asian-Pacific region and criticized the Sino-US cyber controversy. Moreover, it has been observed that the non-governmental actors have challenged US cyber strategy and China has become the Cyber adversary in order to prevent potential threats and damages in the field of economic, political and social conditions (Yuqun and Chuanying, “Sino-US Cyber Controversy”). CONCLUSION It can be comprehended from the above discussion that the US was the first sovereign power holder in the entire globe. The Sino-American relations faced different challenges since 1990s owing to conflicts for diplomatic differences, political instability and religious riots. The US has been the most developed nation from traditional period in different spheres that include commerce, sovereignty, trade operations and balance of power. During the end of World War II, Asia-Pacific region is identified as an economic zone owing to the development of non-governmental actors that include education institutions, business entities, religious groups and the media have assisted the Asia-Pacific region in building working relations. In this respect, globalization is recognized as an important factor based on which non-governmental actors have developed effectively. Subsequently, the non-governmental actors have assisted in building effective working relations globally. Since 1990s, China emphasized towards industrial development in order to enhance the influence and impact on education, commerce and religious aspects. Whereas, during the early 21st century, it has been observed that US has faced several challenges from its domestic market due to terrorism, political discomfort and social issues. Moreover, it has been observed that the US faced several challenges to maintain its economic condition, which has caused unemployment in the US marketplace. In this regard, China is identified to adopt different political and economic measures based on which certain limitations were imposed to minimize the entry of foreign companies and foreign direct investment, so that political as well as social stability is maintained. In this context, the Sino-America relation is identified to be transformed with shifts in geographical powers. Works Cited Chas, W. Freeman, Jr. “Sino-American Relations: Back to Basics.” Foreign Policy 104 (1996): 3-17. “Dale Walton: Great Powers, US-China Relationship, Non-State Actors, 21st Century” Leonhardt van Efferink. 2011. Web. 15 Jul. 2014. Garrett, Banning. “US-China Relations in the Era of Globalization and Terror: A Framework for Analysis.” Journal of Contemporary China 15.48 (2006): 389-415. Print. McDougall, Derek. “Asia Pacific in World Politics.” Understanding Asia Pacific International Politic (2007): 1-31.Print. Kim, Junki. “Accountability, Governance, and Non-governmental Organizations: A Comparative Study of Twelve Asia-Pacific Nations.” Seoul National University (n.d.): 1-28. Print. Spence, A. Michel. “The Sino-American Decade”. 2013. Web. 15 Jul. 2014. Yuqun, Shao and Lu Chuanying, “Sino-US Cyber Controversy”. 2014. Web. 15 Jul. 2014. Bibliography Arthur, Power Dudden. “The American Pacific: From the Old China Trade to the Present.” The Journal of Military History 57.1 (1993) Cornelia, Woll. “Leading the Dance? Power and Political Resources of Business Lobyists.” Journal of Public Policy 27.1(2007): 57-78.Print. James C. Thomson, Jr., Peter W. 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