The History of Iraqi Terms - Essay Example

Elam, like various parts of Iraq constitutes the part that was one a segment and fragmentation of the previouslyexisting civilization. Its borders stretched to areas that include the modern day neighboring country of Iran, and other parts of middle east. The modern day Iraq that we see around encompassing Mosul, Baghdad and Basra are originally part of the once grand Ottoman Empire. Basra in specific constituted the vilayat and was a decision making and influence impending zone in the ancient times leading on to the modern day existence of Baghdad in the Middle East. Basra and Baghdad were formally integrated as founding units of one structure in the early part of 20th century in the post First World War scenario. The country is a Shiite majority region with minor traces of Sunni communities existing in traces and the differences in faith have often led to conflicts and political tilt in policies throughout its history of existence. The Assyrians constitute for the minority non Muslim population residing in Iraq mostly around the parts of Mosul. The Abbasids had established their rule around Baghdad and parts of Arabian gulf towards the 8th century A.D. Traces of non Muslims in Iraq include the Jews in the form of Semites. Sargon of Akkad was another famous ruler and king who ruled over the region and had his affiliations with the Semites and Jews community. Hence Iraq had a diverse form of ruling over it than spanned in the early days of the 10th to 11th century A.D. Ummayads were another set of individuals and dynasty that ruled in that area and phase and enabled good rule following and law and order establishment. They even sent their representatives to the other parts of the region. The history of Baghdad and Iraq stretches to the days of 12th century A.D when the Mongols invaded the region and captured parts of the modern day Iraq along with the Middle East region countries. The historians that came along with the period of time also included the likes of sociologists and experts on history included intellectuals such as Ibn- Khaldoon. Iraq also remained under the influence and ruling days of Hammurabi who was influential on multiple fronts. The fact that he brought about a code of ruling and political system was unique at that time, he further enabled keeping a strong hold on the Babylonian Empire at that time. In the context of Babylonian Empire and the Iraq history, the traces can be stretched to as far as Nebuchadrezzar who was instrumental in the context of developing areas and bridges that were not commonly known and seen in those days. Leading further to the B.C era Marduk was considered as one of the gods that were followed in those days. Iraq has remained under influence of all kinds of civilizations ranging from Muslim to non Muslims to traces of Jewish communities. Sufism has been an integral part of the civilizations in the Muslim history. Regardless of the place and region, Sufism has been practice and followed strongly, Iraq was no exception to it. the basic principles and rules of Sufism included mild approach, gaining the lost values and glory of the Islamic principles and getting rid of the foreign invaders through peaceful and logical means. Ishtar gate is significant on the account of fact that it served as the central entry point and seat of symbol of the great civilization at that time. The gate can be associated to the era and time frame of 500 B.C. it was named and formed in the memory and respect of the goddess that was followed in the Babylonian dynasty and ruling days. Medes define the people and individuals who resided in the region that makes up for the modern day countries such as Iran. These people lived around the borders of Iraq and were characterized by their distinctive way of living and standards. They had their own distinctive language as well. Essarhaddon was an individual who was associated to one of the ruling days and dynasty of those times. He was the king and ruling individual of the Assyria and their ruling days were spanned between 600 and 700 B.C. Haddith comprises part of the Muslims religious believe and practice under which it is the sacred word of Prophet Mohammad( P.B.U.H). All the words and instructions provided by their beloved Prophet Mohammad(P.B.U.H) constitute the Haddith in the context of Islamic teachings. Medina serves as the one of the two most important cities in the context of Islamic teachings and Islamic history. It was the place where Prophet Mohammad (P.B.U.H) preached the teachings and guidelines of Islam and told the locals to mend their actions and give up idolatry. Many of them adhered to it, while others rose in revolt. Fatmid Caliphate was another important and significant ruling epoch in the Muslims glorious days. It was primarily the Shiite community based Caliphate and they had a strong hold over their region. Their ruling days lasted between 11th century and 12th century predominantly. They ruled in Hijaz and leading on to the region and places in North Africa. Sennacherib was another famous and influential one in the case of Assria dynasty and he was the king who ruled from between the period of 700 B.C to 680 B.C. Similarly, following the legacy of Sennacherib, the Tiglathpileser III  went on to become the next ruler of Assria dynasty and all these was important on the account of the kind of ruling and people’s engagement. Abu Bakhar( R.A) was the first of Four Caliphs that came along in the Islamic and Muslim World. He was the First one who establishd writ of state, gave guidelines and presented models of state ruling and people’s welfare. He was largely effective on account of the accountability and transparency that he showed in his actions and his assets. Caliph Ali was the Fourth of the total of Four Caliphs that Muslims have in their religion. Hajj is the sacred practice of visiting Mecca and Saudi Arabia as part of the religious sentiment and practice. Each individual and Muslim is bound to offer it once in his or her life if he can bear the expenses or does not have such a responsibility that does not obstruct him or her. Jihad is the concept that is often directly associated with Islam in a negative manner. Jihad’s perspective and narrative understanding is needed to be understood in the context of physical struggle, educational struggle, financial struggle, individual struggle and collective struggle. It is somewhat different than the politically motivated and ill moved concept. The Sunis and Shi’as makes for the two prominent and dominant sects among Muslims. There are parts of Muslim world that have Sunis in dominance for example the case of Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and other regional nations. Then there are countries that are predominantly the Shiite population dominated. Mamluks were the slave dynasty of the Delhi Caliphate towards the 11th to 15th century A.D. Ibn Arabi like Ibn Khaldun was significant on the account of the knowledge that he possessed. Furthermore he was an expert and philosopher who specialized in the concept of logic and mysticism. He was part of the region towards Spanish region and he lived till between 12th century A.D (1165 A.D) to be exact. References: Salih Özbaran, Yemen’den Basra’ya Sınırdaki Osmanlı (Istanbul: Kitap Yayınevi, 2004) . ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm ʿAbbās Naṣṣār, Baladiyyāt al-Iraq fī al-ʿAhd al-ʿUthmānī 1534-1918 (Najaf: Al-Maktaba al-Ḥaidariyya, 2005). Thabit Abdullah, Merchants, Mamluks, and Murder: The Political Economy of Trade in the Eighteenth Century Basra (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001). Ali Shakir Ali, Tarikh al-Iraq fi al-‘ahd al-uthmani, 1638-1750 miladiyah/1048-1174 hijriyah: dirasa fi ahwalihi al-siyasiyah (Nineveh, Iraq: Maktabat 30 Tammuz, 1985). Sinan Marufoğlu, Osmanlı Döneminde Kuzey İrak, 1831-1914 (Istanbul: Eren, 1998). Tom Nienuwenhuis, Politics and Society in Early Modern Iraq: Mamluk Pashas, Tribal Shayks and Local Rule Between 1802 and 1831 (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1982).  André Raymond, Artisans et commerçants au Caire au XVIIIe siècle (Damas: Institut Français de Damas, 1974). Beshara Doumani, Rediscovering Palestine: Merchants and Peasants in Jabal Nablus, 1700-1900 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995). Judith Tucker, In the House of the Law: Gender and Islamic Law in Ottoman Syria and Palestine (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998). Bruce Masters, The Originas of Western Economic Dominance in the Middle East: Mercantilism and the Islamic Economy in Aleppo, 1600-1750 (New York: New York University Press, 1988). - See more at: http://www.ottomanhistorypodcast.com/2014/11/history-iraq-ottoman-empire.html#sthash.jueh0HRo.dpuf Read More

 

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