Education in soviet Ukraine in the post-world war 2 - Essay Example

? Education in Soviet Ukraine in the Post-World War 2 Affiliation with more information about affiliation, research grants, conflict of interest and how to contact Education in Soviet Ukraine in the Post-World War 2 Introduction: Ukraine is the nation that belongs to Eastern Europe. It is the neighbouring state to the Russian Federation and that to both the East and North East. And it is considered as the second adjacent country in the European continent. Ukraine emerged as an independent state after the civil war. It had hostility towards Soviet and it led to the Soviet- Ukraine war, though the victory went to Soviet. Then the Ukraine’s People’s Republic was under the control of Soviet and then Ukraine Soviet Socialist Republic was formed. It was to become one of the establishing Republics of the Soviet Union. The 2nd world war that lasted for 60 long years and as a result had a drastic effect i.e., there was so many calamities across around the world, especially it was the nuclear weapons which used by US on Hiroshima, Japan. After the World War II, Ukraine’s history in the 20th century had witnessed the burden of a tyrannous Soviet government, Nazi’s attacks and the ruling of Stalin. In 1991, it was the end for the Soviet Union; Ukraine became an independent and reforming a new statehood that entered into the 19th century. The decades of enmity between Russia and Ukraine, it used this opportunity to conquer the nation. Ukraine has developed a varied economy with the technology and manufacturing sector and the aviation force, space and defence industries. A considerable development of Ukraine in 1960 was the intellectual development. The intellectuals tried to achieve further freedom in national and civil rights. Some of them were coming out of the demand of culture and education with the Jews. Analysis: The 20th century of Ukraine’s history was noticeable for human cataclysm. The nation had a well educated population. Currently Ukraine is a presidential- parliamentary democracy which passed through a firm transition to the market economy. This caused emigration of people from the entire social circles. Previous emigration was held in the 19th and 20th centuries when peasants struggled for land and a better life, after the decline of attempts of founding an independent Ukraine in 1917 and also during and after the World War II. A community of Ukraine came into being in a stable and intricate model of secular and religious organisations which came into existence in Australia in the 1940’s, just after the arrival of Ukrainians from Europe. Ukrainians immigrated into Queensland from Russia in the early 20th centuries. Some of them got employed in China on the construction work of Manchurian railway during 1898-1903. A small number of political emigrants have anti-Tsarist political outlook. “In addition to its advocacy of workers' interests, the Ukrainian Workers Circle, which was represented on the Brisbane Industrial Council of Trade Unions, organised a library that included works of Ukrainian literature”(Ukrainians, 2001, p.354). From 1960, Ukraine gradually acquired the economic development. During the period 1945 and 1989, Ukrainians allowed for the formation of State controlled organization for socio- cultural development. There started the development of education. The Ukraine union published nearly about 15 books in the Ukrainian language. In the period of post World War, they published around 40 books, which are mostly about the library and historical books. Their next works are the school handbooks. The minority of Ukraine prepared a program for popularisation of Ukrainian language. There were so many limitations for the Ukraine government; the educational system was developed with the institutions in Galicia and L’viv. L’viv has been an institution for higher education for over more than 500 years. According to the study in 2007, there are eight institutes, six academics, thirteen universities and a number of colleges in which a total of 1,65,600 students have studied.” After the World War II the city accommodated a number of academic institutions specializing in Ukrainian history, literature, ethnography, and arts” (Narvselius, n.d. p.191). The L’viv National Scientific library of Ukraine becomes the most famous after the writer of Ukraine Vasyl Stefanyk. The institution has provided knowledge for the research for both ideologically and more knowledge. Also, the intellectual tradition of the pre war ruined gradually with the disappearance of the old tradition of the elite class Galician. There was a big opportunity for the intellectuals in these periods. The education was encouraged by the government and none can interrupt the Soviet L’viv. The government took policies for the cultural development. Nonetheless, the ideological and political policies were carry out through the educational institutions of L’viv and becoming the link between the students, academicians, rulers and other categories. The students were indulged with many other concepts of ideology and the culture by the terms of folklore, rituals, communicative networks, symbolic topography and various other aspects. With this, the scholars of the university were the members of the artistic unions and they put forward their effort to make advancement for the Soviet socialism. “As World War II turned into a soviet west, party and state institutions transformed urban space and public institutions in to Ukrainian ones while de- Polarizing the city” (Jay Risch, n.d, p.11). The collapse of communism after Lenin’s death, it provided an opportunity for the social development. Also, the reforms were taken place in 1953 within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) which affected the western border regions, especially the Baltic Republics and Belarus which was targeted by Western Ukraine, and the Belarus put an influence on the CPSU for compulsory study of the Russian language among the local people. This is highlighted by the rising study of the Ukrainian language among the local people and in public life by the Communist Party of Ukraine (CPU). This created an opening for institutions of higher education in Ukraine and so many intellectuals from other European countries were attracted to these institutions. The leaders of Ukraine believed that they can acquire the national self expression. Even though, the intellectuals of Ukraine were encouraged by Habsburg reforms of 1772. They organized libraries, schools and other cultural and social institutions. By 1940’s educational and literary development of Ukrainians got recognition all around Europe. There also existed an evening university of Marxism and Leninism. Such universities of ideology affected the students of the university because the Intelligentsia (a class of people includes teachers, intellectuals and readers who keep distance from the normal peoples) attended the classes of this university. In the Second World War, the Ukraine population faced the threat of Sovietisation, which was affected among the students and faculty in the form of higher education in the urban areas. “One of the most destabilizing factors in Ukraine during its independence period has been a frequent change of governments. Accordingly, there followed a change of ministers of education, whose personality influenced the development of education in Ukraine” (Lunyachek, 2011). One of the undermine reason behind Ukraine during the period of independence was a numerous alteration of governments. There was a shift of ministers of education, which influenced the education in Ukraine, which influenced the personal policies in the region level. Nevertheless, the Ukrainian education was effective during independence. “Though gaining an understanding and love of their own cultural heritage, the Ukrainian students gain a better understanding of and respect for the cultural heritage of other ethnic groups in his country” (Arnett, n.d). This education system deteriorated after the World War II. The problem held in the education system in Ukraine, during the inefficient times was reforming the educational system in Ukraine. This led to a new refinement in the field of education. It can be shown that the educational changes depended directly on the effective administration system. The famous Obolenskyi said about the importance of intellect and of highly qualified specialists for the construction of a civil society. The lack of well educated educational specialists is one of the major concerns in the world. There was a study on the school education system of Ukraine. The study says that the Kharkiv region is one of the high masses and capable regions of Ukraine in the education management. In the Second World War, effective management appointment of personnel is far more relatively worse. There should be an increase in the elementary educations in Ukraine. Conclusion: There were a number of educational reforms held in Soviet – Ukraine in the post World War II. This was by a number of developments on political, social, and cultural levels. The Second World War resulted immigration in Europe. This caused the exchange of cultures and the concept of modernism held in Ukraine. The political background of Ukraine popularised the Ukraine language and through this, the books got importance. Also, in the elementary education, there were a number of developments which had taken place. Although, the history of Ukraine in the Second World War tells that “the Ukrainian population are brilliant”. The invasion of Russia and other European countries to the nation led to the reformation in education to safeguard the culture and population of Ukraine. This lead to the rise of universities in cities of Ukraine, the cities are considered as the centre where the intellectuals gather. There existed a number of regular colleges and evening colleges and libraries. The education system after the Second World War cannot be said as a big development, but it was a gradual development for the reformation of education. Nowadays the Ukraine’s education system is one of the world class education systems, and can also be said that the education system attained its heights when one is considering the history of education system in Ukraine. Reference List Arnett, E. (n.d). Ukrainians Just aren’t Russians. Retrieved from http://archives.ubalt.edu/lhrc/pdf/ukrainian.pdf Jay Risch, W. (n.d). Ukrainian West: Culture and the Fate of Empire in Soviet Lviv. Print. Lunyachek, V. (2011). Problem of the Education System Development of Ukraine in Times of Crisis. Public Policy and Administration. Retrieved from http://www.ktu.lt/lt/mokslas/zurnalai/vpa/vpa10%281%29/VPA10%281%29_67-78.pdf Narvselius, E. (n.d). Ukrainian Intelligentsia in Post-Soviet L’viv: Narratives, Identity, and Power. Print. Ukrainians. (2001). Multicultural Queensland. Retrieved from http://www.qldmigrationheritage.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Ukrainians.pdf Read More