Resistance Training Exercises in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - Literature review Example

Running Header: Resistance training exercises in type 2 Diabetes mellitus Student’s Name: Instructor’s Name: Course Code & Name: Date of Submission: Abstract Type 2 diabetes mellitus arises when secretion and actions of the insulin are impaired. However, exercises play an important role in managing the disease. Therefore, identifying the best exercising method is of paramount importance to patients suffering from the disease. This literature review explores the role of aerobic and resistance training exercises as a management strategy for type 2 diabetes. The review identifies that aerobic and resistance training lead improved metabolic profile as well as improving the general health of the patients with the disease. Moreover, combining both aerobic and resistance training exercises enables individuals with type 2 diabetes to improve their glycemic control, improve their insulin sensitivity, and to lower their blood glucose as well as to reduce hypertension. Introduction Type 2diabetes mellitus occurs when the actions and secretion of insulin are impaired. The disease is characterized by insulin resistance and impaired beta –cell secretion of insulin. According to Medifocus(2011, p. 16) insulin resistance occurs when variable or even normal amounts of insulin are produced but abnormalities in muscle and liver cells resists its actions. This makes the insulin to attach the cell receptors but glucose is unable to enter and thus the insulin is unable to exert its normal effects. However, the disease can be managed through lifestyle intervention programs which are aimed at increasing activity levels in the body and at the same time promote weight loss (Codario 2011, p. 5). Moreover, eating the appropriate food and undertaking regular physical exercises can assist in managing the disease. This paper is going to explore the literature relating to the role of aerobic and resistance training exercises in managing type 2diabetes mellitus Improved Metabolic Profile Aerobic and resistance training are beneficial in improving the metabolic profile of individuals suffering from type 2 diabetes by reducing HbA lc, improve cardiac output, reduce weight and lower the blood pressure(Ng at el 2010, p. 163). Patients with type 2diabetes mellitus have a high risk of suffering from cardiovascular disease and thus the need for them to reduce weight in order to reduce the risk associated with cardiovascular diseases. Mancini, Ordovas and Riccardi (2011, p. 86) note that patients suffering from type 2 diabetes are characterized by high body mass index and big waist circumference. Through aerobic and resistance training exercises, patients with type 2 diabetes can improve their metabolic profile by reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases and their overall body mass. Studies conducted by Winnick, Gaillard and Schuster (2008, p. 152) indicated that a combination of aerobic and resistance training exercises assists type 2 diabetic patients to lose weight hence improve their glucose metabolism. Moreover, aerobic and resistance training exercises assists in reducing body fat levels and improving vascular health of the individuals suffering from type 2 diabetes and this important in improving their metabolic profile. Studies conducted by Bacchi at el (2011, p. 4) indicated that aerobic and resistance training improves the metabolic features and body composition of individuals suffering from type 2 diabetes. According to them, improvement in metabolic profile as a result of using both methods for exercising leads to cardio respiratory fitness and fat reduction. Aerobic exercises are strong stimulates of mitochondrial biogenesis. Moreover, aerobic exercises increase oxidative enzymes and muscle fibers. The increase in mitochondria oxidation improves oxygen uptake (Mancini 2011, p. 87). On the other hand, resistance training increases the mass of the muscles and this consequently improves the muscle strength hence increasing the body energy expenditure. Increase in oxygen uptake and increased energy expenditure can lead to an improvement in the metabolic profile of individuals suffering from type 2 diabetes by reducing their risk of vascular diseases and obesity as well as the risk of metabolic syndrome (Rafael at el 2006, p. 7). Improving General Health Status According to studies conducted by Whye at el (2011, p. 2) a combination of aerobic and resistance training improves the general health of individuals suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus. Aerobic and resistance training exercises improves the physical functioning of the body, mental functioning and vitality hence this leads to an improvement in the general health status of the patients. Brown (2010, p. 272) emphasizes that a combination of aerobic and resistance training capitalizes on improving the cognitive level of the brain as well as assisting individuals to relieve anxiety, stress and depression and this helps to improve their general health. Michelon (2012) notes that a combination of aerobic and resistance training activates the growth of new brain cells as well as the connections of the brain cells and this enhances the cognitive roles of the brain. Therefore, aerobic and resistance training improves the cognitive function of the brain and this enables patients suffering from type 2 diabetes to improve their brain health as well as their general health. On the other hand, resistance training improves muscle strength endurance and flexibility while aerobic fitness increases oxygen flow to the muscles by improving circulatory and respiratory processes. This exercises increase the patients’ ability to perform their daily activities (Whye at el 2011, p. 3). Improving Glycemic control Sigal and Kenny (2010, p. 2298) note that aerobic and resistance training exercises are effective means of improving glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. According to their studies, significant improvement in glycemic control was recorded for patients who undertook both aerobic and resistance training. According to Regensteiner (2009, p. 157) aerobic and resistance training exercises play an important role in glycemic control. Glycenic control refers to the use of specific methods in order to control the level of sugar in the body. It involves maintaining the level of glucose in the body at a normal rate (Chalem 2008, p. 53). The contractions of the muscle that occurs during resistance training increases glucose uptake in the skeletal muscles while resistance training leads to increases in the muscle mass. Maiorana at el (2005, p. 120) states that increased glucose uptake in the skeletal muscles and increases in muscle ,mass is beneficial to persons suffering from the type 2 diabetes as it assists in glycemic control. This is because the skeletal muscles represent the largest mass of insulin sensitive muscle. Aerobic and resistance training exercises leads to changes in body weight hence enhanced glucose uptake in the body. This is because of the fact that both forms of training cause an improvement in blood flow and this exposes the tissue muscles to more glucose. Studies conducted by Maiorana at el (200, p. 120) indicated that a combination of aerobic and resistance training exercises leads to improved maximal and sub maximal exercise capacity, muscular strength and body composition and this is important for glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetic. Aerobic exercises improve the body aerobic capacity and this in turn causes the glycated hemoglobin and fasting blood glucose to decline. On the other hand resistance training improves the physical activity of the body and this makes the body to tolerate glucose. Decline in fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin as well as the improved glucose tolerance in the body is important in glycemic control (Clark 2007, p. 50). Lowering Blood Glucose According to Yee (2011, p. 12) both aerobic and resistance training exercises are efficient in lowering the levels of blood glucose in patients suffering from type 2 diabetes. Tresierras and Balady (2009, p. 68) note that the increased blood glucose levels increases the risk of micro vascular and macro vascular complications and this can make patients suffering from the disease to suffer from hypertension, heart diseases, blindness and kidney failure. This means that it is important for individuals with type 2 diabetes to maintain low glucose levels in order to reduce the risk of suffering from other diseases. According to studies conducted by Eves and Plotnikoff (2006, p. 1936) resistance training exercises reduces the blood glucose in the body and this is beneficial for patients with type 2 diabetes. Regular resistance and aerobic training improves blood glucose control, contribute to weight loss, reduce cardiovascular diseases and improve the well being of the individuals with type 2 diabetes (Watson, Gerald & Preedy 2010, p.448). Kraemer, Fleck and Deshenes (2011, p. 358) emphasize that physical inactivity increases the levels of blood glucose and this further increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. According to Colberg at el (2010, p. 2694) aerobic and resistance training exercises cause an increase in glucose uptake into the active muscles of the body and this balances the hepatic glucose production. Moreover, the increased intensity brought about by the exercises increase the glucose uptake level due to the increased reliance on carbohydrates to fuel muscular activities. Aerobic and resistance training exercises stimulate blood glucose uptake into the skeletal muscles of the body and at the same time muscular contractions stimulate the transport of blood glucose via additive and separate mechanisms which are not impaired by the type 2 diabetes mellitus. The increased blood glucose uptake and transport mechanisms improves blood glucose actions and this leads to a reduction in the levels of blood glucose in the body of patients suffering from the disease Enhancing insulin sensitivity Resistance and aerobic training exercises induce beneficial changes in insulin sensitivity by enhancing the muscular mass, increasing the storage of glucose, reducing the amount of insulin required to maintain normal glucose tolerance and facilitating glucose clearance from the blood circulation process (Cuff at el 2007, p. 2977). According to their findings, combining resistance and aerobic training exercises leads to a significant improvement in insulin sensitivity. Enhanced insulin sensitivity can be attributed to changes in abdominal subcutaneous, visceral adipose, and increased muscular cross sectional area and density. According to Bouchard and Katzmarzyk (2010, p. 82) insulin insensitivity involves a reduction in response to insulin stimulated glucose uptake and this makes glucose tolerance to be impaired hence leading to the type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pathy, Sinclair and Morley (2006, p. 134) argue that aerobic and resistance training makes the body to lose visceral fat and this is important in improving insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Insulin insensibility in individuals suffering from the disease is worsened by the loss of muscular mass as well as a reduction in glucose transport into the skeletal muscles. Moreover, the condition is deteriorates with the storage of glycogen, inactivity in inflammatory mediators and increase in visceral fat. However, aerobic and resistance training exercises enables type 2 diabetes patients to increase their muscular mass, improve their glucose transport and to reduce visceral fat and this leads to an improvement in their sensitivity to insulin. According to studies conducted by Lohmann, Siersma and Olivarlus (2010, p. 4) increased aerobic and resistance training exercises lead to greater weight loss and improved insulin sensitivity. Colberg (2008) argues that aerobic exercises assist in burning more glucose and calories per each training session. On the other hand, resistance training helps to build muscles which are used in burning glucose during the exercise. Increased use of glucose leads to an improvement in insulin sensitivity. Reduction of Hypertension Hypertension affects more than 60% of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (Colberg at el 2010). According to studies conducted by Ahmadi and Shalmzary (2011, p. 282) aerobic and resistance training exercises improve blood sugar and body composition in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Aerobic and resistance training enable individuals with the disease to improve their blood pressure and heart rate hence this improves their hypertension (Shenoy, Arora & Japal 2009, p. 29). Stensvold(2009, p. 809) notes that aerobic and resistance training improves endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes . Endothelial dysfunction has been attributed to cause hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. According to Karr(2012) aerobic and resistance training exercises assist the body to improve the use of insulin as well as to burn the excess fat in the body. This improves the circulation of blood hence it assists to lower the blood pressure. Moreover, aerobic and resistance training assists in protecting the heart against blood vessel diseases by lowering the cholesterol levels hence this assists in reducing the patients hypertension. Conclusion In conclusion, a combination of aerobic and resistance training assists in managing type 2 diabetes by increasing the muscular mass and improving the flow of blood to the muscles. This in turn increases the rate of glucose uptake in the muscles hence it assists in lowering the glucose levels. Moreover, aerobic and resistance training improve glycemic control, reduce hypertension, enhance insulin sensitivity and lead to general improvement in health for persons suffering from type 2 diabetes. References Ahmadi, I & Shalmzary, Q 2011, ‘Effect Aerobic Training in Hypertension and Blood Glucose Middle Age People Given to Hyppertension and Type II Diabetes’, In International Conference of Humanities, Geography and Economics, pp. 260-263. 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Whyne, C, Ta, E , Goh, Su & Wee, H 2011, ‘Health Status of Older adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus after Aerobic or Resistance Training: A Randomized Trial’, Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, vol. 9, no. 59, pp. 1-5. Winnick, J, Gaillard, T & Schuster, D 2008, ‘Resistance Training differentially Affects Weight Loss and Glucose Metabolism of White and African American Patientswith Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus’, Ethnicity and Disease, vol. 18, no.1, pp. 152-156. Read More