Type One Diabetes - Case Study Example

A REPORT ON JEREMY KAITON TYPE 1 DIABETES CONDITION (Student’s name) (Institution:) Introduction Among the most important things in life is good health. One may have a good job, a lot of wealth, big titles but without good health, life becomes stressful. Past medical history revealed that Jeremy had been suffering from type 1diabetic. He had been under medication using Novo rapid and Lantos but he had not yet adjusted to his diagnosis. It was also revealed that Jeremy did not follow medical instructions in that he sometimes missed to take the dose due to some reasons such as being out for socializing (Levy, 2011). Jeremy had been under stress because of a relationship breakdown which affected his performance in school which contributed to his persistent headache which made him take unknown quantity of panadol osteo and bourbon. The emergence department first ordered Jeremy a paracetamol which was to be taken within 4-8 hours after the Panadolosteo tablets which he had taken earlier. The doctor used the paracetamol level in determining whether Jeremy needed further medication or not (Raskin & Appenzeller, 1980). Questions Concerning Jeremy’s Case Scenario Almost every individual is aware that Type 1 diabetes is among the dangerous diseases. Questions therefore arise concerning this illness. Some people have never witnessed a Type 1 diabetes patient and so this illness is like a history to them. These individuals could ask themselves about how Type 1 diabetes illness is and how are their symptoms and characteristics (Levy, 2011). Other questions could be concerning the causes of this illness, the most affected group or gender to this illness, how this illness can be cured, what are the functions of insulin injection and insulin therapy, function of paracemotal, causes of persistent headaches and the effects of too much stress, the quantity of panadol osteo and bourbon It is good for one to know about why some illnesses occur so as to try as much as possible to prevent one from being infected. In case where one gets infected with such an illness, it becomes an advantage in that such an individual can be able to discover about the illness earlier and so seek medication before the conditions become worse (Hanas, 2004). In seeking medication, one will be wares of the types of drugs or injections he or she is supposed to take and by knowing their functions and effects; one will take them with seriousness without skipping some like the case with Jeremy (Levy, 2011). One of the reason that Jeremy failed to follow the doctors instructions is that he was not aware that the insulin injection must be taken daily and at the same time for his condition. Investigation: Information Review According to Levy (2010), there is no exact cause of type 1 diabetes. The author provides that the bodies of people with type 1 diabetes have immune systems which fight with viruses and bacteria. According to the study, when an individual gets infected with Type 1 diabetes, the islet cells are destroyed and producing insulin becomes difficult. The author provides that insulin is a hormone from the pancreas. Hana (2004), in his study about the causes of type1 diabetes provided that lack of insulin in the body is what happens when one suffers from type 1 diabetes. The author presents some essential elements that an individual with Type 1 diabetes should have. Some of the key elements are insulin and glucose the researcher indicated that the main function of insulin is to enable sugar to enter the bloodstreams. Another study by Eilsenbarth (2004), was also conducted concerning why many people suffer from type 1 diabetes. In the study, the researcher found that the highest percentage of type 1 diabetes patients is between 18 years and 25 years. This was an indication that the young people are the ones mostly affected by Type 1 diabetes. According to the study, it was also revealed that, individuals with type 1 diabetes, their bodies lack insulin to allow glucose in the cells and sugar accumulates in the blood streams. Another study by Raskin & Appenzeller (1980) was conducted towards investigating the causes of type 1 diabetes. According to the study, the researcher found several factors which contribute to type1 diabetes. Some of the revealed factors were; genetic factors, environmental factors and age. The authors also provided that individuals with type 1 diabetes should follow the doctors’ medical instructions as failure to do so may lead to some other illnesses such as persistent headache among others. Questions from the Review According to this information from various factors, type 1 diabetes has various causes and effects which are important for an individual to know. Questions therefore arise from the information provided by various researchers concerning type 1diabetes. Some of the questions may concern how failure to follow medical instructions especially for type 1 diabetes patients cause headaches, how genetics factors, environmental factors and age contributes to type 1 diabetes, why majority of type 1 diabetes patients are the youth and what destroys insulin in the body ones and individual is infected with type 1 diabetes (Hanas, 2004). Discussion of the Review Questions How Genetic Factors Contributes to Type 1 Diabetes Studies have revealed that at least 18 genetic locations, labeled IDDM1 – IDDM 18, which relates to type 1 diabetes. The IDDM1 region contains the HLA genes that encode proteins known as major histocompatibility complex. Genes in this region have an effect on the immune reaction. Studies have also indicated that children and adolescents are most likely to be affected with type 1 diabetes than adults (Eisenbarth, 2004). Researchers have also found that viral infections may generate the disease in genetically susceptible persons. Enteric viruses are part of viruses beneath scrutiny. Enteric viruses usually attack the intestinal tract. Coxsackie viruses are another group of enteric viruses of a specific interest. Epidemics of Coxsackie virus, congenital rubella and mumps, have been linked with the occurrence of type1 diabetes (Hanas, 2004). Environmental Factors Environmental conditions such as pancreatic surgery, pancreatitis, or some industrial chemicals can destroy the pancreas making it unable to produce enough insulin hence contributing to type 1diabetes. Some drugs such as can beta blockers, corticosteroids, and phonation also contribute to type 1 diabetes. People especially doctors and other clinical specialists should be careful when performing such activities especially surgery to patients to avoid destroying the pancreas. Jeremy’s type 1 diabetes could have been contributed to these factors, both genetic and environmental (Fox & Sol’nsken, 2008). How Age Contributes to Type1 Diabetes Medical investigations discovered that type 1 diabetes normally affects children and adolescents. 18 to 25 five years is the age when most individuals feel so energetic performing various activities such as the playing footballs among other excessive exercises so as to become physical feet. These are the people who like riding motorbikes or bicycles at high speeds so as to attract attention. The youths are the ones who undergo much stress because of issues like relationship break downs, searching for jobs, too much pressure from parents and relatives, studies among others. Research have revealed that too much stress can contributes to type 1 diabetes since the body especially the pancreas can fail to function properly leading to lack of insulin in the body (Kloet & Vermetten, 2008). Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development Among the best psychological theories is the Erikson’s theory of psychological development. In this theory Erikson believed that an individual’s personality develops various stages. He explains the effects of social experiences within an individual’s life. Erikson’s theory concentrates more on the ego identity development. The author provides that this is the conscious sense of self individuals develop from the social interactions and so it keeps on changing due to the social interactions people have on daily bases (Eisenbarth, 2004). Erickson theory provides that ego identity starts from childhood and become very strong during the adolescent age. Adolescents need to be recognized in various ways and so an adolescent will make all means so as to attract other people attention for purposes of being identified. The theory also provides that individuals experience conflicts which serve a turning point in their lives. Among the psychological stages identified by Erikson are the Trust vs. Mistrust and the autonomy Vs shame and doubt stage. In the Trust Vs Mistrust stage, Erikson provides that a child develops a sense of trust and mistrust through various sub stages dependant on the child caregivers. The second stage, autonomy Vs Shame and doubt is a stage where a child develops a deep sense of personal control (Raskin & Appenzeller, 1980). Application of Erikson Psychological Development Theory to Jeremy’s Scenario The main reason as to why Jeremy’s condition became worse is to some social relations, the relationship breakdown. This made Jeremy to be under much stress is he was trying to relief the stress through some socialization which made him fail to take some injections as interacted by the doctor. As explained in the Erikson’s theory, that adolescents try as much as possible to gain attention from others so as to be identified, Jeremy being an adolescent, the ego identity was very strong and thus why the relationship breakdown affected him so much even in his studies (Hanas, 2004). Path Physiological Processes Relating to the Clinical Presentation Path physiological process is the physiological of abdominal states especially some functional changes that contribute to a certain illness. According to the Jeremy’s clinical presentation, the path physiological process that contributed to type1 diabetes is the destruction of islet cells which made the pancreas fail to function properly leading to lack of insulin in the body (Levy, 2011). Australian Nursing and Midwife Council Competence Standards The Australian Nursing and Midwife Council competency (ANMC) standards for the registered nurse contains four essential elements which are critical thinking and analysis, professional practice, therapeutic practice, collaboration and provision and coordination. These are the essential elements I should posses as a registered nurse (RN) in providing holistic and person-centered care for my clients (Eisenbarth, 2004). Nursing Management Strategies to be Utilized in Providing Optimal and Holistic Nursing Care for a Client In order to provide an optimal and holistic care for a client, the nursing management should have some strategies to enable achieve such an objective. Examples of such strategies can be, specialists be supervised when performing surgery in order to minimize the many careless mistakes that may occur such processes. Too much carelessness during surgery can lead to damage of critical body parts such as the pancreas which contributes to some dangerous illness such as the Type 1 diabetes (Hanas, 2004). Another strategy can be to provide type 1 diabetes some knowledge concerning the injection functions and effects both positive and negative so as to enable them take medication with seriousness. For continuing care and or discharge planning, some of the on-going safety concerns I would take into account is to ensure that all nurses are registered and posses all the Australian Nursing and Midwife Council competence standards (Levy, 2011). Conclusion Type 1 diabetes is an illness which requires serious medical interventions. An individual affected with such a disease need to be very careful in ensuring that he or she follows the doctor’s instruction. Given that an individual under such a condition have his pancreas unable to function properly in converting glucose into energy, it therefore very dangerous for one to fail take the necessary injections as instructed by a specialist. Jeremy made a mistake when he missed some injections. His relationship breakdown contributed to his failure to take some injections as he was out socializing trying to relieve stress. There is a need for Jeremy to be counseled on how to manage stress due to his condition. Too much of stress causes high blood pressure which brings difficulties to the pancreas functioning which contributes to type 1 diabetes or worsening the condition is one is already affected. References Eisenbarth, G. S. (2004). Immunology of type 1 diabetes (2nd ed.). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. Fox, C., Kilvert, A., & Sönsken, P. (2008). Type 1 diabetes (6th ed.). London: Class Pub.. Hanas, R. (2004). Type 1 diabetes in children, adolescents and young adults how to become an expert on your own diabetes (2nd ed.). London: Class. Kloet, E. R., Oitzl, M. S., & Vermetten, E. (2008). Stress hormones and post traumatic stress disorder: basic studies and clinical perspectives. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Levy, D. (2011). Type 1 diabetes. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Raskin, N. H., & Appenzeller, O. (1980). Headache. Philadelphia: Saunders. Read More