Commodification of Human Organs - Annotated Bibliography Example

Annotated Bibliography Berman, R. "Selling Organs should be Legal." Stop Organ Trafficking Now. The Jerusalem Post, 10 Aug. 2005. Web. 30 Mar. 2015. . Berman argues that although legalizing organ sales is callous and abhorrent, the well-meaning attempts to bar organ sales has created something worse – an illegal market in body parts. He say that the practices of black markets hurts the poor and is a cause of many deaths. He say that organ transplant does not possess more risks than many daily operations for which no person raises ethical questions. He uses facts to show the high demand for organs transplants. He also uses examples of how proper regulations can be carried out. Additionally, Berman uses facts to show that organ sell are happening regardless of the law. The article will be useful for my thesis as it points out that legalizing organ sales will make the poor smile and reduce the number of deaths. Calandrillo, S. P. "Utilizing Incentives to end Americas Organ Shortage." Geo. Mason L. Rev. 13.1 (2004): 69-133. Web. 30 Mar. 2015. . Calandrillo argues that people must understand the ramification of public policy choices and explore incentives that can save thousands who die while waiting for organs that never arrive. He further affirms that if conscience dictates that it is unacceptable to sale living-donor’s organs, it is incumbent upon the people to focus on other ways that will incentivize the availability of organs. According to the author, far more attention must be directed to the concept of paired organ exchange in case monetary inducements conflict with federal law. He uses examples, history and facts to back up his claims and arguments. These source will help me develop on my final essay paper as it sums up that countries must act aggressively to rectify organ procurement and donation policies to save lives. Cherry, Mark J. Kidney for Sale by Owner: Human Organs, Transplantation, and the Market. Washington: Georgetown UP, 2005. Print. Mark explores why the well-intentioned legislations and perceptions create roadblocks that prevent restoration of health of many people. He suggests that these barriers should be eliminated. He uses statistics and examples to demonstrate that human organs should be given to those in need of them as donations rather than commodities for sale. He points out that a majority of people concurs with the notion that the most efficient, legitimate and humane place to distribute resources is the market. Hence, body parts should be one of the resources being traded upon in that place. Instead of dwelling on purported irrational “moral repugnance” and human exploitation, Cherry claim that people should focus their attention on saving life. Therefore, his arguments will be valuable for supporting my thesis since it has examples and statistics that strongly support the importance of legalizing the sale of human organs in order to save lives. Cherry, M. J. "Embracing the Commodification of Human Organs: Transplantification and Freedom of the Sale of Body Parts." Saint Louis University Journal of Health Law and Policy 2.3 (2009): 359-378. Web. 30 Mar. 2015. . Cherry argues that there is a need to recognize honestly that body parts are commodities to enhance greater trust in transportation. He also claims that persons have the right over their bodies and hence it is hard to provide a legitimate proof that forbids an individual from selling a redundant internal organ. He thus argues that fewer kidneys available for transplantation due to financial incentives do not meet the burden of proof needed to bar someone from selling their internal organs. The author has used examples and facts to stress his claim of the importance of commoditization and transportation of human organs. His arguments are viable in supporting my thesis since he concludes that people should not pretend that providing valuable incentives (like academic scholarships) to donors does not make human organs become commodities. He says that people should honestly accept organ sales to allow for compensation donors who are alive or families of deceased donors. Friedman, E. A., and A. L. Friedman. "Payment for Donor Kidneys: Pros and Cons." Kidney International. International Society of Nephrology, 15 Feb. 2006. Web. 30 Mar. 2015. . The authors say that many candidates wait for a kidney transplant from a deceased donor. Heightened public relations, celebrity endorsements and other efforts have not increased the number of transplants over the last decade. Hence, there has been increased the acceptance of kidneys that were previously termed marginalized. The authors say that most governments, medical associations, and voluntary health agencies condemn the sale of organs and term it as inhumane and ethically irresponsible. However, voices favoring kidney sales are gaining volume. Some surgeons advocate sale of organs to prevent many deaths. The authors use examples of those who support organ sales, statistical and factual evidences of the number of people succumbing to kidney failure. The article is credible to my thesis as it demonstrates that proper legalization will eliminate black markets, divert funds to kidney sellers, fund extra kidney transplant, and hence lower deaths resulting from renal failure. Gregory, A. "Why Legalizing Organ Sales Would Help to Save Lives, End Violence — The Atlantic." The Atlantic. The Atlantic Monthly Group, 9 Nov. 2011. Web. Gregory describes the why he thinks that making organ trade legal will end violences and save lives. He thus says the idea of selling organs should not sound gruesome to people. He refutes claims that organ sales will give the rich an advantage over the poor by saying that this is the characteristic of today’s black market trade. Hence, legalizing organ sales will reduce these markets create fair trade. He uses facts, examples, and statistics to back up his claims. The source will be significant for my thesis because it explicitly concludes that legalizing organ sales are inevitable since the trade is going on anyway, although through black markets. Hippen, B. E. "Organ Sales and Moral Travails: Lessons from the Living Kidney Vendor Program in Iran." Policy Analysis 1.614 (2008): 1-20. Web. 30 Mar. 2015. . Hippen offers some lessons that America and other countries can learn from Iranian to help in solving the shortage of organs. He concludes that the law that prohibits the sale of organs should be eliminated. America should embrace the development of long-term vendor system and fair trading. He provides some historical information on the development of dialysis and the contrast in the policies of Iran and America. He also uses statistics to provide evidence of higher number of kidney patients and deaths in America than in Iran. He discusses how the Iranian organ transplant program works, its merits, and takes care of oppositions to the program. His arguments will be useful for my thesis as they show that organ sales can work in America or elsewhere since it has successfully worked in Iran. Mackay, J. "Organ Transplant will Save Lives." (2004): 1-8. Web. 30 Mar. 2015. . Mackay says that unlike kidney transplant, which is permanent and sure, dialysis is expensive and temporary. Hence, the black market for kidney and other organs is flourishing because of the promptness and the chance at a living donor. She says that risks involved in organ transplant are not significant enough to prohibit organ sales since millions are losing their lives. She uses an anecdote to describe how a lot of people are dying to purchase a kidney while an almost equal number is dying to sell a kidney. She also uses statistics, opinions and facts to back up her claims. Thus, the source will support my thesis as it says that instead of banning the sale of organs, governments should regulate it. Slabbert, M. "Combat organ trafficking – reward the donor or regulate sales." Koers 73.1 (2008): 75-99. Web. 30 Mar. 2015. . Slabbert argues that the need for monetary compensation to organ donors has gained new heights. It will likely secure legal organs to meet transplant needs and will curb illegal organ markets. He uses statistics and facts to indicate worldwide organ shortages and to discuss illegal trafficking. His statistics covers various countries. The source will be valuable for my thesis as it stresses the importance of implementing monetary compensation system and legalize organ trade. The Economist. "Organ Transplants: The Gap Between Supply and Demand." The Economist. N.p., Oct. 2008. Web. 30 Mar. 2015. . The Economists asserts that the idea of making payments to donors is increasingly gaining acceptance as the demand for transplant surgery grows to save lives. The site uses several anecdotes, statistics, examples and facts to show the increasing number of deaths due to shortages of organ transplant and the organ-harvesting scandals. It argues that many people need new body parts yet they are expensive to obtain. As demand increases, while supply diminishes, organ-harvesting scandals and rackets have mushroomed to great heights in all countries that prohibit the sale of organs. It argues that the main reason organ sale still seems unacceptable is the unfounded fear of professional failure. Its arguments will strongly build on my thesis as it describes the scandals that are flourishing due to the imbalanced supply and demand forces. Read More