Research Methods - Interpreting Tables and Figures - Essay Example

Research Methods a) The micronutrient intake is higher in the 5 – h condition as compared to the 9-h condition. The intake of carbohydrates is generally high compared to any other micronutrient in both cases. There is a higher micronutrient metabolism is high in the 5-h condition compared to the 9-h condition. The micronutrient intake and disappearance of proteins is lower in 9h- condition as compared to than 5-h condition but the micronutrient balance of proteins is higher in the 5-h condition compared to the 9-h condition. Generally the micronutrient balance of all the micronutrients in higher in the 5-h condition compared to the 9-h condition. Additionally the micronutrient intake of calories consumed after dinner is higher in the 5-h condition than in the 9-h condition. b) The average energy intake for the 9-h condition is higher than the 5-h condition in the breakfast, lunch, dinner and daytime snacks. The average energy is high in the breakfast and dinner but low in the lunch and daytime snacks. The average energy intake is lower in the 9-h condition than the 5-h condition in the post dinner snacks. The micronutrient intake of calories consumed after dinner and the average energy intake are higher in the 5-h condition compared to the 9-h condition in both cases. However there is an inverse relationship between the micronutrient intake and micronutrient disappearance to the average energy intake. There is a higher micronutrient balance in the 5-h condition which in turn translates to a low average energy intake and a low micronutrient balance in the 9-h condition which translates to a higher average energy intake. c) From the data obtained in the table and figure the fewer the number of hours of sleep results to a higher balance of micronutrients. However the number of hours slept determines the average intake of energy. The individuals with 9-h condition have a lower balance of micronutrients compared to the 5-h condition but have a higher average energy intake while the 5-h condition have a higher micronutrient balance with low average energy intake. This shows that the longer the sleep hours the higher the energy utilization. Less hours of sleep require a higher micronutrient balance with low average energy output. This can be as a result of higher metabolism of the micronutrients but the energy is used when the individual is awake for the 5-h condition while the low metabolism in the 9-h condition and the energy is intake increases. The data enables individuals determine the effect of the amount of sleep on their average energy intake as well as the intake of the micronutrients and the disappearance of the micronutrients. Individuals in the 9-h condition tend to have a higher energy intake from all the meals except post dinner snacks since less energy is used for other metabolic activities hence more is readily utilized in the body. However the post dinner snacks are not fully broken down to produce the total amount of energy to be utilized. 2. a) there is a general increase in the body weight over the period of administration of normal diet, high fat diet and high fat diet with resveratrol diet. However the body weight is highest in the high fat diet and lowest in the high fat diet with resveratrol diet. There is a higher food intake in the normal diet per day and a low food intake of high fat diet per day however there is a higher food efficiency rating in the high fat diet, a comparatively constant food efficiency rating in the high fat diet with resveratrol in comparison to the intake and a low food efficiency rating in the normal diet. Generally there is a higher food efficiency rating in the high fat diet and generally a higher body weight. There is a higher food efficiency rating in high fat diet with resveratrol than in normal diet but a lower body weight from it than in the normal diet. The intake of food per day has no relationship with the body weight at any given time but the higher food efficiency rating of high fat diet is results to a higher body weight. The food efficiency rating in high fat diet with resveratrol has no effect on the body weight since the normal diet with low food efficiency rating results to a higher body weight. This indicates that the resveratrol in the high fat diet has a negative influence on the body weight. There is a high food efficiency rating with a low body weight. b) From the data the weight of the mice is increases with the difference in the fat content of the diet in diets that lack the resveratrol. The introduction of the resveratrol generally affects the food efficiency rating as well as independently affects the increase in weight. The normal diet has a low efficiency ratings hence its required in large a mounts for the effect to be realized but the high fat diet has a higher rating therefore the smaller amounts are efficiently utilized. The resveratrol diet intake and efficiency are comparatively similar and its effect on body weight is inhibitory. This polyphenol compound may have a beneficial role in reducing inflammation and the occurrence of chronic diseases since it reduces the increase in body weight even if the diet is mainly high fat diet. This prevents deposition of any fat components in the body of the mice preventing occurrence of any chronic disease. The data can be related to humans since the metabolism in mice is similar in a way to that of humans and therefore the results obtained can be used to show a similar effect will be obtained in humans. The resveratrol can effectively be used in humans to reduce majorly chronic diseases arising as a result of lifestyle practices since this polyphenol compound higher food efficiency rating of high fat diet than normal diet providing more energy to the body but at the same time prevents deposition of any of the fat in various organs and more so where the fat will cause negative effects like inflammation and blockages. 3. a) There is a higher Gestational Diabetes Mellitus status in individuals with Body Mass Index between 30 or more but a consequently a lower excessive gestational weight gain. The excessive gestational weight gain in mothers bears no relationship to the Gestational Diabetes Mellitus status. However the percentage of individuals with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus status and have excessive gestational weight gain is the same in individuals with Body Mass Index 25-25.9. Individuals with Body Mass Index of 30 or more will generally have excessive gestational weight gain regardless if they have Gestational Diabetes Mellitus status or not since the percentage of individuals without Gestational Diabetes Mellitus status and have excessive Gestational weight gain is almost twice those with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus status but have excessive gestational weight gain. The age, height, weight and Body Mass Index percentile of the toddlers with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus is generally higher than that of Non Gestational Diabetes Mellitus toddlers. The percentage overweight and obesity is higher in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus toddlers than Non-Gestational Diabetes Mellitus toddlers but very close. This shows that there is a higher incidence of obesity or overweight in toddlers with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. The white race has the same Large for Gestational Age, weight and size and overweight or obese rates are equal with the lowest Gestational Diabetes Mellitus rates. In African race there is a higher Gestational Diabetes Mellitus than the white and consequently a high Overweight and obesity rate of individuals but there is a low Large for Gestational Age, weight and size. The Hispanic race has a very high overweight or obesity rate with a low Gestational Diabetes Mellitus rate. However the Large for Gestational Age, weight and size is relatively high. Both the Asian and Asian south have a high Gestational Diabetes Mellitus rate with a low overweight or obesity rate but with very low Large for Gestational Age, weight and size . b) From the findings a high Body Mass Index of 30 or more in the mothers and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in toddlers are the best alternatives that best account for childhood obesity for the research. This is shown from the table 2 in which individuals with Body Mass Index of 30 or more will generally have excessive gestational weight gain regardless if they have Gestational Diabetes Mellitus status or not as well as in table 3 where there is higher incidence of obesity or overweight in toddlers with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. The incidence in races is related to the combined effect of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in each race and the Large for Gestational Age, weight and size c) The research is valuable as it clearly shows that one cause of the obesity or overweight in toddlers is due to Gestational Diabetes Mellitus status of the mothers. In addition to basically the higher Body Mass Index, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus status has a major effect on the toddler being overweight or obese or not. Individuals with general high Body Mass Index have a higher tendency of being obese or overweight compared to those with lower Body Mass Index. The race has no significance in the overweight or obesity state of the toddler since in each race the obesity or overweigh rate is as a result of the combined effect of the Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and the Large for Gestational Age, weight and size 4. a) The RR values numbers were below the reference point. This is because the individuals with RR equivalent to 1 had the lowest folate levels and were non –drinkers and were expected to have the highest risk levels. The individuals with high folate levels and were non-drinkers, low drinkers or heavy drinkers had a lower risk level than individuals with the lowest folate levels and were non -drinkers. For example an individual with alcohol consumption of 215.0 g/d with folate levels of 4 has a relative risk of 0.37 while an individual with the same folate levels but were no-drinkers had a relative risk of 0.92. b) Whether individuals are drinkers or non-drinkers and regardless of the folate levels in there are varied relative risks. Heavy drinkers with low levels o folate had higher risk than heavy drinkers with high folate levels. Individuals with high levels of folate and were non- drinkers had a higher relative risk than drinkers with high folate levels. Generally the non-drinkers with low or high folate levels had a higher risk of heart disease compared to drinkers with low or high folate levels. However there is a higher risk in heavy drinkers with low folate levels compared to those with high folate levels. c) From the findings in the study, low folate and high folate levels have almost equally similar risk factors for heart disease. Individuals with heavy intake of alcohol and high folate levels have a low risk of heart disease compared to low drinkers and non-drinkers. Non -drinkers with high level of folate have a higher incidence than drinkers with high level of folate. Low levels of folate in both heavy drinkers and non-drinkers had a higher risk of heart disease. However there is a random trend in levels of risk in relation to folate levels in each the three categories of drinkers. The findings do not give a clear picture of the relationship between low levels of folate and heart disease. They only show that high levels of alcohol disrupts folate level in the body hence the variation in the risk factor between the non-drinkers and the drinkers. This is shown by the varied relative risk levels in heavy drinkers, low drinkers and non-drinkers with higher folate levels such that the risk decreases with increase in alcohol intake. Read More