Problems in Health Care - Essay Example

? Research Process to Problems in Health Care Data collection methods The data used in this research article was retrieved from the 1999 and 2000 United States Census. Data gotten from this census included the population as well as the geographical location inhabited by the study population. Other additional data such as the populace of teenager used in this research, gravidity, and pregnancy termination data was retrieved from the Alan Gutttmacher Institute. It is also important to posit that all data on birth rate in reference to the total number of teenagers in the study population was retrieved from the national Center for Health Statistics. In other words, all data used in this research was retrieved from already preceding surveys (Barbieri, 2004). Ways in which the data collection methods are appropriate for this research study article Retrieving data from previous census data allows the researcher to cover a wide area and also include each and every teenager. Since a census is a national exercise, it gives the exact number of teenagers in a particular area. This is of significance in its own way as it elevates precision of data collected as well as the final results off the study. Validity and reliability Reliability and validity are common terms used in varieties of research. Reliability is also referred to as consistency. It denotes the dependability of an assessment. Attaining similar results from an assessment after a series of investigations means that the assessment is reliable. Validity on the other hand denotes how well an assessment attains its intended purpose (Crowther and Lancaster, 2012). Ways in which validity and reliability are supported in the research article In this research assessment, both the 1999 and the 2000 census data was used to evaluate and explore the relationship between population concentration and the fraction or proportion off teenagers who optionally underwent an abortion. Two assessments were conducted. Both the assessments gave the same results. In doing this, the reliability and validity off the assessment was supported. How the rights of the subjects are protected The rights of the study subjects were protected through respecting the cultural values among various states. This is important as it helped the researcher avoid any activities or actions considered as contrary to the needs of the individuals and the society in general. Qualitative and quantitative data Quantitative data refers to all data that can be denoted in terms of figures and numerals, for instance examination results, qualitative data refers to data that can never be denoted in terms of figures and numerals. Quantitative technique pays much attention to figures and incidences instead off significance and involvement. Quantitative techniques on the other hand lay much emphasis on technical as well as investigational and tentative methodologies (Crowther and Lancaster, 2012). Examples of qualitative techniques include interviews and case studies. Quantitative data used in the research There are quantitative and quantitative data used in this research. An example of quantitative data used includes the teenage pregnancy statistics for females aged 15-19 in the year 1999 and 2000. Other quantitative data includes square miles denoting the region used in the research, and abortion data retrieved from the Alan Guttmacher Institute. The number of individuals per square mile in Alaska, Montana, and Wyoming is less than seven whereas in the District of Columbia, Rhode Island, and New Jersey has more than one thousand individuals per square mile (Barbieri, 2004). All these are quantitative data since they can be quantified. Qualitative data used in the research Subsequently, there are a lot qualitative data used in this research article. In his research article, Barbieri (2004) asserts that “Providing reproductive health services such as pregnancy termination for teens can be complex often requiring specialized practice sites, physicians from multiple disciplines, nurses, counselors, legal experts, and other support staff” (p. 741). All these are qualitative data as they are descriptive and are not measured as well. Inferential and descriptive statistics Descriptive statistics defines or designates a lot of information and statistics with the use of tables and charts. It is important to posit that descriptive statistics fails to attract inferences and assumptions regarding the sample population. Inferential statistics on the other hand involves assessing theories and propositions and subsequently making appropriate assumptions centered on the model or test population. Take for instance data collected on twenty individuals regarding their examination results. If this data is transformed in form of a graph or charts, then it becomes a descriptive statistics. Subsequently, a researcher would want to know the favorite subject of students in a certain region. In such a case, it would be time consuming and expensive as well hence a sample population could be used and then extrapolated (Crowther and Lancaster, 2012). This is an example of an inferential statistics. Actual data analysis procedures in the research article Data in this research article was analyzed through the use of graphs. For instance, there is a graph depicting the association between population concentration and the proportion of expectant teenagers who have aborted optionally. This data was retrieved form the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists district. There is also a graph showing the association between individuals per square mile and the proportion of telling pregnant teenagers falling pregnant each and every year. Ways in which the data analysis procedure/statistical tests are appropriate for the data collected A graph is a representation that depicts the association between altering conditions. These graphs have brought about a clear way through which data from various years are compared. The use of graphs offers a simple method for relaying data and statistics, and also presents a fast method in which the learners and other individuals reviewing this data imagine and envisages such information. Ways in which data analysis procedure/statistical tests are appropriate for answering the research questions and testing the study hypothesis Charting a graph depicting the relationship between electively terminated teenage pregnancies and the population density shows the trend of abortions over time. This in essence helps in accentuating the main point or objective of the research. The availability of a significant relationship between the rate of terminated teenage pregnancy and the population of health care providers is also depicted using a graph in the research article. This also helps clearly compare the relationships as well as changes in a visual arrangement. Findings of the research The results from this research did not show any relationship or association between population concentration and the frequency of teenage pregnancy. Population concentration was however considerably connected or linked with the proportion of teenage pregnancies optionally aborted. This may be attributed to the fact that teenagers in areas with low population concentration may choose or favor to keep the baby. These areas may also be characterized by traditions and customs that do not support termination of pregnancies. Do the findings of the research support the hypotheses? The hypothesis that there was no significant relationship between the rate of electively terminated teenage pregnancy and population density was not supported by the research findings as the results showed a considerable connection between them. There was also a hypothesis that no statistically significance relationship between the rate of electively terminated pregnancy among the teens and the number of health care providers. This postulation was supported by the research findings as many health care providers may fear offering abortion services due to stigmatization by other medical practitioners and the society in general. Therefore, there is no relationship between the two. Strengths of the scientific merit of the research study article This research article incorporates the use of graphs in analyzing data. In doing so, figures and facts are clearly and effectively display, presents, and compares various data. This research article also tries to elucidate the factors that affect the rate of abortion. Reliability and validity of the data used was ascertained through conducting more than one assessment. Limitations of the research study article One of the limitations in this research is that secondary data was used. In this case, secondary data could be subject to errors as it was intended for other uses or purposes other than for this research. References Barbieri, R. L. (2004). Population Density and Teen Pregnancy. London, UK: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Crowther, D., & Lancaster, G. (2012). Research Methods: A Concise Introduction to Research in Management and Business Consultancy. Oxford, UK: Elsevier. Read More