Human Biology - Regulation and Control - Essay Example

?Human Biology - Regulation and Control The homeostatic mechanism of the human body is regarded as the most important element of the overall control system of the physical mechanism of the human medical system (Rozelle and Wathen, 1993, p.3). This paper is aimed at providing a detailed description of the human anatomy based mainly on the aspects related to regulation and control of human biology. 1.1: Body’s homeostatic mechanisms: The homeostatic mechanism of the human body is the process of maintenance of the static or the constant situations or conditions associated with the internal environment of the human body. This natural process is liable of controlling the mineral, water, air as well as the temperature concentration in the fluids of the human body within the narrow limits related to the inside as well as the outside structure of all the cells of the body (Rozelle and Wathen, 1993, p.3). The role of the receptors, in this mechanism is to rely on the message of the brain and then send that message to the effectors of the human body. These effectors are comprises of heart and the blood vessels. The role of the effectors, in this context, is to make an effective response to that message (Abdel-Sater, 2011, p.145). Figure 1: Movement of message through homeostatic mechanism (Source: Abdel-Sater, 2011, p.145) There are significant amounts of evidences regarding the fact that in primates, negative feedback impacts of estrogen are used in the “mediobasal hypothalamus”, however precisely how the negative feedback is shifted to the positive feedback mechanism and then back to the negative feedback mechanism in the luteal stage stays unknown. Nevertheless, there is an issue explaining this negative mechanism which is explained as the rise in the number of different “GnRH receptors on the gonadotrophs, increasing pituitary responsiveness to GnRH” (Abdel-Sater, 2011, p.146). Another issue is the alteration of the “storage pool of LH” (possibly within the subpopulation associated with the gonadotrophs) to a willingly releasable pool. Estradiol has to be maintained at the critical concentration of almost “about 300 pg/mL” for the adequate duration (almost 36 to 48 hours) preceding to its surge. Any decrease of the estradiol increase or a climb that is too diminutive or too short removes or decreases the LH surge. Furthermore, high concentrations of the estradiol in the attendance of raised progesterone do not persuade an LH surge in the homeostatic mechanism of the human body (Abdel-Sater, 2011, p.146). 1.2: The capacity to physiologically control body temperature can have made it probable to move to comparatively cold as well as warm parts of the globe. In the hot or the cold regions, thermoregulation is obvious in the shape of sweating as well as shivering. These aspects are effectual ways to either mislay or increase heat, phenomena essential for survival. Nevertheless, cold or hot states are not contented and are consequently usually evaded, by means of different behavioural thermoregulation. In effect the most influential shape of thermoregulation is the behavioural: ‘change clothing, change posture, or change location’. In the western societies, inhabitants search for thermo neutrality indoors through using air-conditioning as well as wear clothes in order to preserve body temperature. In spite of the behavioral temperature control explained above, humans are depicted to the changing environmental states without even observing. Also the doctors have opined that “when getting up out of a chair, walking into another room, corridor, kitchen or when going outside, air moves and temperature and humidity fluctuate” (Human Thermoregulation Individual differences in cold induced thermogenesis, 2008, p.9). All these circumstances and the transitions represent humans to modifications in the environmental states that affect heat loss as well as are risen up by the thermoregulatory structure. Even within the variety of thermoneutrality, thermoregulation happens. In this variety the actions related to thermoregulation incorporate vasoconstriction as well as dilation of the blood vessels in the skin for the purpose of changing heat loss exclusive of resulting in modifications in the process of production of warmth. Body temperature is reserved constant if warmth gain equals warmth loss. If warmth gain does not equivalent to the warmth loss, the extra warmth is hoarded, or gone from the body, that affects the distribution of temperature in the human body. The center temperature in human body is reserved comparatively constant in the environment with temperatures varying from values under the “lower critical temperature” and above the “upper critical temperature”. This means that despite big variations in the ambient temperature, warmth production balances warmth loss, resulting in the much stable center temperature (Human Thermoregulation Individual differences in cold induced thermogenesis, 2008, p.9). 2.1: Blood carbon dioxide concentration: There are various aspects related to the homeostatic mechanisms of the human body which are closely associated with the concentration of Carbon dioxide in human blood or in human body. Fall in the supply of blood in the human muscles increases the level of Carbon dioxide concentration in human blood. Also if significant level of insulin is secreted into the human blood, then also the level of concentration of human blood can be increased. Along with these, glands are triggered in order to allow for perspiration which significantly alters the amounts of Carbon dioxide concentration in the human body. Apart from these aspects, if lung activity is raised for the purpose of maximising gas exchange in the homeostatic mechanism of the human body, then also the amount of Carbon dioxide concentration can be altered in the human blood (Tennessee Gateway Assessment: Item Sampler, 2007, p.20). 1.3, 3.1: Blood glucose concentration: The own control or regulatory mechanism of the human body, which is also known as the homeostatic mechanism, regulates the level of glucose concentration in the human body. According to Rozelle and Wathen (1993), this mechanism significantly regulates the mineral substance of the human body fluids as well as the discharge of dissimilar categories of ions from the human body of natural health people drinking water having the low or high mineral substances (Rozelle and Wathen, 1993, p.12). 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1: Body water content and kidney, ultrafiltration and selective re-absorption, hypothalamus and pituitary gland and relevant hormones: Figure2: Homeostatic mechanism and the system of human body (Source: Hiller-Sturmhofel and Bartke, 1998, p.155) The main functions of the kidney are consisted of maintaining an “internal milieu” which permits “optimal cellular function”, and also to take away toxins that are created by metabolism or by the ingested with the diet. The cautious monitoring of the “internal milieu” and the regulating of excretory models for perturbations from ingestion, endogenous creation, external failures, or metabolic consumption are also called homeostasis (Gilbert, n.d., p.1). The main functions of the kidney are consisted of filtration, Angiotensin II, Proximal reabsorption and the “Aldosterone-dependent collecting tubule reabsorption”. These are the basic functions of kidney which is known as the Nephron) (Gilbert, n.d., pp.1-2). The basic structure of kidney is comprised of Kidney Blood Flow, Glomerular Blood Flow, Glomerulus, Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT), Loop of Henle (LOH), Acid/Base Balance, and Clearance, Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) Electrolyte Homeostasis (Gilbert, n.d., pp. 6-10). Renal Autoregulation is exclusive and critically significant in maintaining homeostasis mechanism in the human body via control of the renal blood flow as well as the filtration. The “myogenic reflex” responds directly to the pressure difference and is there throughout the vasculature in the changing degrees, whereas the “tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) mechanism” regulates micro vascular confrontation and “glomerular filtration rate (GFR)” to preserve distal tubular “NaCl delivery”. No straightforward models are accessible which permit the independent inputs of the myogenic as well as the TGF answers to be contrasted and which incorporate control over manifold metabolic as well as physiological parameters. Independently grown mathematical models associated with myogenic autoregulation as well as the TGF control of the GFR have been pooled to produce a complete model for the kidney that is receptive to numerous small step alterations in “mean arterial pressure”. The system considers every stage of the renal vasculature as well as the tubular system associated with the nephrons whereas simultaneously including the modulatory outcomes of changes in the viscosity as well as in the shave stress-persuaded “nitric oxide (NO)” production (Kleinstreuer, 2009, p. xv). Conclusion: The homeostatic mechanism helps in maintaining the overall medical system of the human body is respect to regulatory or the controlling system of the entire medical structure. In this process, various human body parts, such as kidney, water body system, air controlling system, glucose controlling system, relevant hormones are helping the homeostatic mechanism to be effectively working. References 1. Abdel-Sater, K. A. (2011), Physiological Positive Feedback Mechanisms, American Journal of Biomedical Services, Vol.3, No.2, pp.145-155 2. Dr. Rozelle, L. T. and Dr. Wathen, R. L. (1993), Consumption of Low TDS Water, Water Quality Association, available at: http://www.wqa.org/pdf/TechBulletins/TB-ConsumptionLowTDS.pdf 3. Gilbert, S. (n.d.), Kidney Structure and the Nephron, Tufts University School of Medicine, available at: http://ocw.tufts.edu/data/33/498083.pdf 4. Hiller-Sturmhofel, S. and Bartke, A. (1998), The Endocrine System: An Overview, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, vol.22, No.3, pp.153-164 5. Human Thermoregulation Individual differences in cold induced thermogenesis, (2008), Universitaire Pers Maastricht, available at: http://w3.wtb.tue.nl/fileadmin/wtb/wtb_energytechnology/Thesis_Claessens.pdf 6. Kleinstreuer, N. C. (2009), Mathematical Modeling of Renal Autoregulation, A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Bioengineering, available at: http://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/bitstream/10092/2532/1/thesis_fulltext.pdf 7. Tennessee Gateway Assessment: Item Sampler, (2007), Pearson Education, available at: http://www.tn.gov/education/assessment/doc/Gate_Sci_08Samp.pdf Read More