Adolescent emotional development - Essay Example

Adolescent emotional development Question You are working with a 14-year-old female. Describe observations on below developmental areas that youwould see as alarming deviations from normal development and outline why you would consider each to be so. Physical (2 paragraph – 200 words) It would be alarming to observe a weight of 100 pounds and below since the average weight for girls at the adolescent stage at 14 years old is 105 to 115 pounds. She could be suffering from malnutrition if this is the case. In addition, many young girls of today are suffering from anorexia. Their bodies do not get the right nutrition since they refuse to eat. Similarly, it would be alarming if her weight would be 120 pounds or higher. Obesity has also been a growing concern for many because of the quality and quantity of our food nowadays. Regarding her height, it would not be usual if it would go below 60 inches or more than 65 inches since the common range is 63 to 64 inches. This could be caused by growth hormone malfunctions or malnutrition. Since the beginning of puberty is generally from 8 to 13 years old, it should be noted if she has not undergone any physical changes yet such as breast and hair (armpit and genitalia) development. If there would be no differences, there could be an imbalance concerning her sex hormones. As for her menstruation, it is still fine if she does not have it yet since the age range is from 10 to 17 years old (Shannon, 2006). Psychological (2 paragraph – 200 words) The psychological aspect of an individual encompasses feelings, thoughts, and human interaction. Therefore, the following discussion may touch topics regarding emotional, social, and cognitive dimensions. Since out of norm behaviour generally covers the extremes (Moshman, 2011) it would be alarming if she would behave in a way that would make it hard for her to be in usual places and events. For example, it is hard for her to maintain relationships even with her family members. Even though teenagers are known for erratic behaviour, they should still be able to establish warm and loving relationships. Moreover, it would be out of norm if she would usually exhibit apathetic or hostile behaviour. Indeed, adolescents have their depressed and angry moments. However, these situations should not occur so often and so long without appropriate reasons. At this time, girls are typically so concerned of how they look. Nonetheless, it would be of concern if she would be too worried about her appearance that she would instead starve than eat or resort to induced vomiting. Obsession with one’s appearance can be quite serious since it could lead to psychological disorders. A number of teenagers have disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa because of unhealthy self-images. These eating disorders, if left with no intervention can eventually result to lethal health risks. Cognitive (2 paragraph – 200 words) Adolescents should be able to think abstractly and formulate thoughts about their future (Moshman, 2011). Thus, it would not be usual if she would not be able to answer of age hypothetical questions and worded problems. Moreover, it would be alarming if she could not set long term goals. A 14-year-old normally develops a concern for her surroundings and other people. It would then be a concern if she does not show any interest regarding different social issues, philosophy, or politics. According to Jean Piaget’s theory (cognitive development), adolescents are already in the last stage which is called formal operational stage. At this time, the brain is capable of complex mental processes. Hence, it would be atypical if she would not be able to formulate hypotheses, assess ideas, and make conclusions. This is the reason why they have subjects like biology, grammar, algebra, and foreign languages. In addition, it would not be ideal if she could not comprehend algebraic expressions and fail to apply concepts. Furthermore, it would not be common if she could not express her opinions regarding various situations especially about her experience. She should at least be able to expound on topics like nuclear weapons, global warming, and fashion. Social (2 paragraph – 200 words) At this stage of development, teens usually do everything they can just to get accepted by their peers (Smetana, 2010). Adolescents’ attachment towards their parents decreases while the value they give to their friends increases. They usually define happiness by hanging out with their friends. Thus, it should be noted if she would not regard social acceptance from her peers as significant or if she would rather get security from objects than from people. Furthermore, girls usually like to interact with other girls who have the same likes and dislikes. It is also the common time for the beginning of romantic relationships. It would then not be usual if she does not show any kind of interest or attraction towards the opposite gender. A girl often blushes or gets self-conscious when a guy she particularly likes approaches her. The common term “adolescent storm” is characterized by rebellion, conflict, and confusion. Adolescents usually want to prove that they can do things on their own and can handle tough situations quite well. They could feel socially successful if they can surpass or antagonize the authority. However, it would still be alarming if the 14-year-old girl would engage in long term disturbing social acts. Delinquent activities such as engaging in drug use and crime are supposed to be addressed properly. Emotional (2 paragraph – 200 words) It is typical for adolescents to go through emotional extremes such as joy, passion, excitement, grief, dejection, and anger. Since they often feel self-conscious, they normally go through a lot of doubts, confusion, and anxiety (Allen & Sheeber, 2008). With all the changes that they are going through, teens often get overwhelmed with adjustments and expectations. However, it would be atypical if she would often have bouts of terror or anxiety. These could be symptoms of anxiety disorder. She would also need psychological help if she would feel in despair most of the time. Some adolescents have clinical depression but receive no professional help. She would need an expert’s assistance if she would usually be restless, unable to concentrate specially on her studies, pessimistic, and despondent. Moreover, it would be alarming if she frequently would not give importance to others and their needs, and have no motivation or interest in different activities that are normally stimulating. It is important to take note of these symptoms since it could lead to destructive behaviours such as self-inflicted pain, promiscuity, and even suicide. In addition, having a poor self-esteem makes one more vulnerable to life’s challenges such as family problems and peer pressure. Question 2 If you were responsible for caring an elderly person, what are some of the main areas about which you need to be vigilant and give an example for why you think this could be an issue? (Words 600) In taking care of elderly people, it is always considerate to think of them as precious individuals. Everybody grows old and goes through the stages of degeneration and death. Every aspect in a person’s life gets affected as his developmental state changes. Hence, it is important to be vigilant across the different areas of development. Physically, most elderly people deal with arthritis, hearing loss, and visual impairment. In taking care of an old person, the symptoms of macular degeneration and hearing loss must be taken into consideration. Communication could be difficult that is why it should be made sure that the caregiver is within hearing distance. Other conditions like heart diseases, stroke, and the common flu should be regarded (Kaufman, 1997). An aged body is prone to diseases since the immune system is not that strong anymore. Cell degeneration all throughout the system contributes to the body’s weakness. In addition, one should be prepared in assisting an elderly person regarding mobility (Loverde, 2009). The usual reasons why accidents and injuries often happen must be noted. The bones become delicate so a slight fall may lead to serious fracture. Moreover, incontinence, diabetes, and osteoporosis are common conditions for old people. Generally, a balanced diet is needed in having a healthy body especially for the elderly (Curtis, 2010). Due to the deterioration of the senses, an old individual may not be able to taste his food very well. This leads to lesser appetite and nutrition. It must be made sure that the person eats the proper kinds of foods and takes required vitamins. Daily exercise is also valuable in strengthening the immune system. Regarding socio-emotional development, a support network such as families and friends are necessary. It is important for an elderly to feel that he still matters and is not neglected by people around him. Hence, being affectionate and attentive would make him feel better. When caring for an old person, it is advantageous to listen to his stories attentively. Care givers should also be patient, understanding, and cautious since a common trait for someone in the old age is being emotionally sensitive. Many of them could become depressed and lonely because of their physical state and lack of emotional support. Anybody would have a hard time if he knows that death is just a few years away. Therefore, it is wise to be ready in facing this kind of disposition. It is also helpful to make a list of people who can be contacted for assistance. In addition, assistance should only be given when necessary since it is less dignifying for a person to feel that he cannot do much (Morris & Butler, 1996). Creating an environment wherein the person feels needed is a good way of boosting the self-esteem. Concerning cognition, it is common for them to dwell on the past and have memory loss. Hence, there should be memory note pads and other kinds of reminders. Being prepared in listening to a lot of things that happened historically will be useful as well. A debilitating disease such as Alzheimer’s is characterized by behaviour and personality changes. Thus, as a caregiver, one should plan for a safe environment and be ready to deal with erratic dispositions (Doraiswamy, Gwyther, 2008). Other factors such as reduced concentration and impaired judgement have to be considered. It may take longer than usual to process certain information. A regular dementia screening is also useful in being prepared and in coming up with interventions. It is also valuable to plan daily activities that sharpen cognitive skills like board games and puzzles. Games that engage hand-eye coordination also help sharpen the mind. When suitable, it is beneficial to discuss financial concerns with an elderly. Though it is quite a sensitive issue, it is necessary to settle bills and allocate funds for essential matters (Roberts, 2012). This will also help the family members in dealing with important details. The old person’s opinion should still be valued in related decisions. Question 3 You work at a childcare centre. A 2 year-old child who attends the centre 2 days per week is always pale and listless, dos not interact with other children, rarely cries or smiles and shows no signs of speech. She is often the last to be picked up by her young, single mother, who avoids contact. Occasionally, the mother has not shown up nor called, and you have had to arrange for the reserve pick-up person, a neighbour, to come. In fact this has happened on the last three attendance days. In 600 words, address the following. What is alarming in this situation? Consider any deviations from normal development in physical, psychological, social and emotional domains. Being pale and listless could mean insufficient nutrition. Her social withdrawal may also be a sign of abuse. It is important to assess her speech abilities since she has not been observed to be able to talk. It is possible that she rarely cries or smiles because of sensory impairments. It is significant to note that she is usually the last to be picked up. It could be that her mother does not have enough time for her daughter since she has to work most of the time. This situation could also be happening at home where the mother does not spend quality time with her. The child’s needs could not have been attended to. The fact that the neighbour has been the one who picked her up for the last 3 attendance days signifies that the single mom is facing some challenges. Moreover, it is concerning that the mother avoids to communicate. There could be many reasons of her behaviour. However, it is clear that she needs assistance not only in taking care of her child but regarding her own well-being as well. What are your obligations as a community worker? Consider legal, ethical and procedural responsibilities as a community services worker in (Australia, state: Western Australia) – eg: child care act, etc. According to the code of ethics of the national association of social workers (1999), community service workers are supposed to “…enhance human well-being and help meet the basic human needs of all people, with particular attention to the needs and empowerment of people who are vulnerable, oppressed, and living in poverty” (Ritter, Vakalahi, & Kiernan-Stern, 2009). It is then genteel to be sensitive to the child’s needs given the characteristics that were observed. In addition, both the mother and her child present vulnerabilities. As a responsible service worker, it is just appropriate to take action to help meet their needs. In Western Australia, community service workers have the responsibility to provide a wide range of support such as personal care, domestic assistance, and counselling among many others. It is stated in the Child Care Act of 2007 that principles must be observed to ensure the holistic development of each child. Thus, it is essential to take into consideration the factors that can promote the child’s well-being. How would you go about fulfilling your responsibilities? Before taking action, it is first important to have a thorough observation. As much as possible, it is beneficial to talk with the mother and let her know that their best interests are taken into account. There is also a need to interact with the child in a non-threatening way. For instance, if possible, she could be asked questions while playing with her. She could also be asked to draw about her home. After utilizing professional judgement, I could seek the advice of my manager or my professional association regarding uncertainties. I would then refer related organizations to the mother. It would be beneficial to consult a service agency for the best group or department to help the mother and her child. If necessary, I would make a report to the regional Child Protection Unit if there is a reasonable belief that the child needs protection. It is significant to note that except in emergency situations, there must be consent before disclosing any information. It would be helpful to monitor the family’s progress in regular intervals. Question 4 In 800 words: Briefly explain Erikson’s eight stages of development. Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory has eight stages. It is called “psychosocial” since it gives significance to the individual’s society composed of his family, friends, school, and other members of the community in shaping his personality. Each stage is faced with a crisis that is why it consists of a “versus” between two opposing values. A positive experience is more likely to lead to an optimistic value being actualized (Erikson, 1980) . The first stage is known as trust vs. mistrust (infancy). In here an infant develops trust if his needs are immediately met by the caregiver. However, mistrust happens if the child is neglected despite his pleas and cries for attention and help. For instance, an infant who cries for milk and left unattended would feel that the world is uncaring. This would then make him distrust the people around him with the realization that no matter how much one cries for help, nobody would come to the rescue. This is followed by autonomy vs. shame and doubt (toddlerhood). This is the time when the toddler learns how to walk and run in discovering his environment. If given enough freedom to encounter his natural world, autonomy is likely to ensue. On the other hand, shame and doubt manifests due to restrictive upbringing where in the child would have qualms regarding his capabilities. For example, a toddler who sees a butterfly would naturally want to follow and touch it. He would also like to discover how to hold a spoon by himself along with other things. However, if his mother would always be restrictive, it would lead towards a negative implication. For instance, she would say, “No! It’s dirty!” or “Don’t! Let mommy do it for you.” The child would then feel that he always needs someone in doing something. He would also feel unsure of what he can do. The next stage, initiative vs. guilt (childhood), focuses on the child’s opportunities in doing things without an adult’s demand. The value of initiative is fostered by encouragement from adults and a supportive atmosphere especially when dealing with mistakes. Guilt is promoted by less reassuring upbringing, not being able to learn from mistakes, and severe punishments. A child who volunteers to make coffee for her father accidentally spills on an expensive carpet. If the father would lash out at her angrily and perhaps whip her several times, the child would feel so guilty and a traumatic experience would decrease her value of initiative. However, if she would be given a second chance by making another cup of coffee and get punished by cleaning the carpet, she would realize that everybody can make mistakes and people learn from taking risks. Industry vs. inferiority (school age) covers the time during grade school. A child would be more likely to grow with industry if his self-esteem would be boosted by his teachers, classmates, family, and friends. A person would be inspired to do his best efforts if people around him would believe in him. Inferiority would be a result of disheartening comments from significant others. For example, a pupil sings her heart out in the best way she could during an audition for the glee club. Then, the music teacher said, “You do not have a future in singing, you do not have a chance to be in a music group.” Obviously, the student will feel inferior and may not want to be involved in any kind of a musical activity anymore. Identity vs. role confusion stage (adolescence) talks about finding one’s individuality in different aspects. Confusion manifests when a person fails to discover what he truly wants, what kind of group he belongs to, and what makes him distinct. A teenager joins a fraternity because he thinks that it is cool to be a part of such a group. Afterwards, he finds himself pretending to be who he is not just to get accepted by the other members. This situation leads to confusion since he is not being his true self. This is followed by intimacy vs. isolation (adulthood). Someone can form healthy intimate relationships by being able to heal from disappointing affiliations. On the contrary, someone becomes isolated when he stays hurt and frustrated from a broken relationship. A lady who got so disheartened from a past relationship could stay in isolation if she would stay depressed and disappointed after that situation. She may go back to intimacy if she would learn to commit once more. The next stage is called generativity vs. stagnation (middle age). The value of generativity is an outcome of selfless and/or productive acts whereas; stagnation is the product of selfish and/or idle deeds. A person who only thinks of himself is apt to be miserable since he does not know how to let go, he is only stagnant. He may fail to be productive since he spends most of his time being idle. Finally, integrity vs. despair (old age) is about finding honour in one’s life before it ends. An old person who believes that he has led a life he can be proud of veers towards integrity. On the other hand, someone who thinks that most of his time was spent meaninglessly is more likely to have despair. For example, a 60-year-old man would have despair if he is in debt, has a broken family, and did not accomplish many of the things he has aspired. Reference List Allen, N., & Sheeber, L. (2008). Adolescent emotional development and the emergence of depressive disorders. West Nyack, NY: Cambridge University Press. Curtis, L. (2010). Elderly nutrition. New York, NY: Xilbris Corporation. Doraiswamy, M., & Gwyther, L. (2008). The Alzheimer’s action plan: The expert’s guide to the best diagnosis and treatment for memory problems. New York, NY : St. Martin’s Press. Erikson, E. (1980). Identity and the life cycle. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company. Kaufman, D. (1997). Injuries and illnesses in the elderly. Charlottesville, VA: Lexis Publishing. Loverde, J. (2009). The complete elderly care planner. New York, NY: Three Rivers Press. Morris, V. & Butler, R. (1996). How to care for aging parents. New York, NY: Workman Publishing Company, Inc. Roberts, S. (2012). Doris inc.: A business approach to caring for the elderly. Mississauga, Ontario: John Wiley & Sons. Shaffer, D., & Kipp, K. (2010). Developmental Psychology: Childhood and adolescence. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. Shannon, B.S. (2006). Adolescent health sourcebook: basic consumer health information about the physical, mental, and emotional growth and development of adolescents. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics. Sheikh, J., & Yalom, I. (1996). Treating the elderly. New York, NY : John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Smetana, J. (2010). Adolescents, families and social development: How teens construct their worlds. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. Read More