Hydraulic And Pneumatic Systems - Report Example

PNEUMATIC AND HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS Student by name Code + Course Name University Name City, State Date Contents Summary The report is grouped into three tasks Task 1 Involved evaluating and justifying the use of both pneumatic and hydraulic powered equipment for industrial applications Task 2 How designed manufacturing system works and research on the cost of the system- capitol cost report Task 3 Slides Task 1 Introduction The industrial sector is in a consistent development. The sector is working on every means of production available that will help to improve on their level of production by increasing the productivity in a more efficient and cheaper way. When it comes to power transmission from one point of the industry to another, there are three recognized methods of transmission. These methods include; One, Electrical transmission through transformers and wires, Two, Mechanical transmission through gears, shafts, belts and chains, and Three, fluid power through gases or liquids that are confined in a space. The application of pneumatics and hydraulic systems under the fluid power equipment is one of the most popular ways of production employed by the manufacturing and food industries to boost their production. In almost every fluid power circuit in the industry today they are using the hydraulic fluid or the compressed air as their media of operation. In this paper, the evaluation and justification of the pneumatics and hydraulic systems has been clearly outlined. Fluid power and what it entails Fluid power as a technology is involved in the generation, transmission and control of forces as well as the movement of mechanical systems or elements through the use of pressurized fluids both liquids and gases in a confined system. The fluid power system comprises of a hydraulic system that involves water and pneumatic systems which involves air in its power transmission. Liquids and gases flow naturally and hence their application in fluid power system’s energy transmission. Initially water was the only fluid known to transmit energy and hence the term hydraulics was applied to all systems that use liquids. However, in the modern technology the term hydraulics refers to any circuit that uses mineral oil. In the figure 1-1 below, shows the basic hydraulic system power unit. Compressed air is the other common fluid used in the power circuits. The atmospheric power is normally compressed seven to ten times in such a way that it can easily flow through tubes, hoses or pipes while transmitting energy and in the process be used to do work. In the figure 1-2 below, is the arrangement of a basic pneumatic power. a State of the Industry In most of the industries, only a few people are assigned the direct responsibility to run the fluid power circuit plants and their maintenance. In most cases, it is the general mechanics who maintains the systems designed by the fluid-power circuits’ distributor salespeople. Thus most industries include the fluid power system’s responsibility in the job description of the mechanical engineer. This becomes a challenge as the engineers are ill equipped to take responsibility of the fluid power systems by the fact that they only received a little knowledge on fluid power training throughout their college education. The engineers rely on the fluid power distributor’s expertise who got a more elaborate knowledge about to handle and work with the fluid systems. Often, the distributer salesperson designs and helps in the installation and starting up of the systems. Advantages of the fluid power The fluid power motors and cylinders are compact and have a high potential of energy. They can easily fit in small spaces without cluttering the machine. The fluid power transmission devices are long lasting, instantly reversible, their speed can be varied and in most cases, their mechanical linkages are replaced at much lower cost[Bud06]. A good fluid power system can last for extended times with little maintenance on the power source, the valves and the actuators. On the other hand, poor understanding of the system and poor circuit design may lead to leaks and overheating of the equipment. But if the circuit is designed for a cool operation and minimum shock, the problems on leakage and overheating are minimized. Pascal’s Law Blaise Pascal, a man from the 17th century came up with the Pascal’s law that helps to explain how fluid is used to transmit energy. The law states that Pressure acts at right angles to the surfaces containing the fluid and equally to all the directions. On poking a hole in the pressurized container, one is likely to be made wet by the pressure squirting out. The figure 1-3 below shows Pascal’s law in applied in a cylinder. The pump pumps oil which flow into the cylinder lifting the load. Resistance from the load results to pressure build up inside the cylinder to the extent initiating the movement of the load. The pressure remains constant in the entire circuit as the load is moving. The pressurized oil is contained in the cylinder by the mechanisms as much as it tries to move out of the system. The load is forced to move up by oil after the pressure against the area of the piston becomes too much to overcome the resistance of the load. The interpretation of the Pascal’s law helps one to get a clear understanding of the working principle of all pneumatic and hydraulic circuits function. According to Pascal’s law the pump is only used to produce flow and not pressure[Bud061]. Resistance against the pump induces the pressure in the circuit and this is one of the most fundamental principles of troubleshooting the hydraulic circuits. Another important area to understand about the Pascal’s law is the hydraulic and mechanical leverage comparison. In the figure 1-4 below, the working of both the mechanical leverage and the hydraulic are shown. In both cases, a larger a smaller force offsets a much large force owing to the difference in the piston area and the length of the lever-arm. From the diagram, it is clear that the hydraulic leverage has no restrictions to physical location, height or distance. Hence the decided advantage for fluid powered design mechanism as they takes less space and have no position consideration restrictions. A machine member can be pushed directly by a fluid motor, a rotary actuator or a cylinder with almost limitless torque. The entire action require lines of flow to and from the actuator and feedback devices indicating position. The linkage actuation has an advantage in that it is precise on position and controlling ability. Although the hydraulic lever system seems to save energy, the hydraulic system is better at saving power, which is work done for a specific time. And work done is the product of distance moved by the load and the force applied on the load. Task 2 With the current trends in science and technology, there is a consistent need for large scale production in our industries. The achievement of this production will involve the application of special equipments that are multi-functional with modern high-speed lines and efficient machine tools combination in order to ensure that the product processing process is accurate, the production cost is reduced and the labor productivy is increased. These measures play a critical role in the competitiveness of the industry enterprise. The self feed drilling machine is one of the key machines that will help the industry accomplish the competitiveness goal. The machine acts as a fundamental driving force to show that the quality and extent of industry production are have a direct relationship with the performance of the machine tool.This paper seeks to ouline the operation of a pneumatic self feed drilling machine and its cost of construction. Working Principle The self drilling machine generally comprises of feed movement, main movement as well as the system control. The main movement is fed in three phases, the motor drive, splined shaft, and the timing belt for the transmission of the torque to the spindle. The feed movement uses the pneumatic drive action, it has a faster response and can achieve variable speeds. The hydraulic governor helps in the rewinding speed the fast forward adjustment. The control system of the structure involves the use oce of compressed air as the source of power.The feed motion is controlled by pneumatic control systems through 5 ventilation contol valves, twomanual valves, a throttle, a motorized valve and two externation controls. Capitol Cost Cost $ Statutory fees 65 Materials, 75 Fittings and Fixtures 45 Internal cost 95 Total 280 When start Discussion In fluid power systems both gases and liquids are applicable for valid uses according to the compression ratio required. The air-operated circuits have a lower initial cost and their design is simple and this makes the fluid powered circuit and more specifically the pneumatic system a more advantageous option to use in power transmission. Conclusion Above the efficiency of the mechanism reduced noise levels are also associated with the use of fluid power systems in the industry. With all these advantages and many others, the application of fluid power circuits of power transmission proves to be the best for industrial use. Industries should strive to employ the fluid power transmission systems to increase their productivity and efficiency in producing high quality products. Bibliography Bud06: , (Trinkel, 2006), Bud061: , (Trinkel, 2006), Appendix Figure 1 Basic hydraulic power unit Figure 2 Basic arrangement of a pneumatic system Figure 3 Effects of Pascal’s Law Figure 4 Comparison of fluid power transmission and Leverage leverage Figure 5 & 6 Working Principle of a Self feed drill Table 1 Capitol Cost Read More

Advantages of the fluid power The fluid power motors and cylinders are compact and have a high potential of energy. They can easily fit in small spaces without cluttering the machine. The fluid power transmission devices are long lasting, instantly reversible, their speed can be varied and in most cases, their mechanical linkages are replaced at much lower cost[Bud06]. A good fluid power system can last for extended times with little maintenance on the power source, the valves and the actuators.

On the other hand, poor understanding of the system and poor circuit design may lead to leaks and overheating of the equipment. But if the circuit is designed for a cool operation and minimum shock, the problems on leakage and overheating are minimized. Pascal’s Law Blaise Pascal, a man from the 17th century came up with the Pascal’s law that helps to explain how fluid is used to transmit energy. The law states that Pressure acts at right angles to the surfaces containing the fluid and equally to all the directions.

On poking a hole in the pressurized container, one is likely to be made wet by the pressure squirting out. The figure 1-3 below shows Pascal’s law in applied in a cylinder. The pump pumps oil which flow into the cylinder lifting the load. Resistance from the load results to pressure build up inside the cylinder to the extent initiating the movement of the load. The pressure remains constant in the entire circuit as the load is moving. The pressurized oil is contained in the cylinder by the mechanisms as much as it tries to move out of the system.

The load is forced to move up by oil after the pressure against the area of the piston becomes too much to overcome the resistance of the load. The interpretation of the Pascal’s law helps one to get a clear understanding of the working principle of all pneumatic and hydraulic circuits function. According to Pascal’s law the pump is only used to produce flow and not pressure[Bud061]. Resistance against the pump induces the pressure in the circuit and this is one of the most fundamental principles of troubleshooting the hydraulic circuits.

Another important area to understand about the Pascal’s law is the hydraulic and mechanical leverage comparison. In the figure 1-4 below, the working of both the mechanical leverage and the hydraulic are shown. In both cases, a larger a smaller force offsets a much large force owing to the difference in the piston area and the length of the lever-arm. From the diagram, it is clear that the hydraulic leverage has no restrictions to physical location, height or distance. Hence the decided advantage for fluid powered design mechanism as they takes less space and have no position consideration restrictions.

A machine member can be pushed directly by a fluid motor, a rotary actuator or a cylinder with almost limitless torque. The entire action require lines of flow to and from the actuator and feedback devices indicating position. The linkage actuation has an advantage in that it is precise on position and controlling ability. Although the hydraulic lever system seems to save energy, the hydraulic system is better at saving power, which is work done for a specific time. And work done is the product of distance moved by the load and the force applied on the load.

Task 2 With the current trends in science and technology, there is a consistent need for large scale production in our industries. The achievement of this production will involve the application of special equipments that are multi-functional with modern high-speed lines and efficient machine tools combination in order to ensure that the product processing process is accurate, the production cost is reduced and the labor productivy is increased. These measures play a critical role in the competitiveness of the industry enterprise.

The self feed drilling machine is one of the key machines that will help the industry accomplish the competitiveness goal. The machine acts as a fundamental driving force to show that the quality and extent of industry production are have a direct relationship with the performance of the machine tool.

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