Applications of Pneumatic and Hydraulics - Report Example

Faculty: ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION Course Title: Level 4 Instructions for the use of this cover sheet (1) A cover sheet is required for every activity including presentations (2) Please complete all sections below (3) Attach the cover sheet to your activity. Student name: Unit Name: Applications of Pneumatic and Hydraulics(J/601/1496) Unit No: 24 Assessment No: 1 Title: Circuit symbols, construction and operation Hand out date: 18/4/16 Hand in date: 23/5/16  LO Learning outcome (LO) AC In this assessment you will have the opportunity to present evidence that shows you are able to: Task no. Evidence (Page no) 1 LO1 Be able to read and interpret pneumatic and hydraulic fluid power diagrams 1.1 recognise and describe given fluid power symbols that conform to the latest ISO 1219 standards or their national/international equivalent 1 1.2 From a given system diagram, read, interpret and explain the operation of either a pneumatic or hydraulic multi-actuator sequential system that uses a minimum of four actuators 2 1.3 produce a suitable circuit design drawing for either a pneumatic or hydraulic reversible rotary actuation system that includes speed control in both directions 3 2 LO2 Understand the construction, function and operation of pneumatic and hydraulic components, equipment and plant 2.1 Identify the features, describe the function and explain the operation of given items of pneumatic and hydraulic equipment. 4 2.2 analyse, compare and contrast the performance characteristics for two given items of pneumatic and two given items of hydraulic equipment 5 Learner declaration I certify that the work submitted for this assignment is my own and research sources are fully acknowledged. Student signature: Date: Activity designed by Assessed by Name: Rod Kirk Name: Date: 23/02/16 Date: Internally Moderated by Internally Verified by Name: Name: Date: Date: Task 1:- LO 1.1 STANDARDS Compile a list of the current fluid power standards (ISO and others) used in the design, construction, commissioning and operation for fluid power systems. For each state their purpose and application. Using current standards study and explain the following statements:– 1/ How a Pneumatic and Hydraulic drawing should be laid out. 2/ Identification of symbols and numbering of symbols. 3/ What are the ISO standards for drawing size and the information that should be contained on the drawing. Pneumatics and hydraulic drawings should be laid out as electrical circuits where symbols represent all components. Thus, either the circuits may be pneumatic logic circuits or time delayed pneumatic circuits. Some of the identified numbers and symbols of pneumatic and hydraulic schematic diagrams may include as follows: The ISO standards of drawing pneumatic and hydraulic diagrams must consider size among other considerations for accurate drawing. For instance, when it comes to size, it starts on a sheet of paper of A0, which is considered as a square metre. Therefore, the designation of the ISO determines the size of the sheet and frame as follows. Answer the following questions (use suitable illustrations if appropriate). 1/ How do you represent the junction of two lines. 2/ How would pilot lines be represented. 3/ How would pressure lines be represented. A junction of two lines on either a peumatic or hydraulic diagram is presented by a tee or cross that connects two lines or more where a dot is used to show the connecting part. All the point where two lines or more are crossing is the pipe junction, representing how junctions are presented in either pneumatic or hydraulic diagrams. A pilot line is also perceived as a drain line. It is mainly presented as a dotted line as show below (ISO 1219-1, 2016, 99). ……………………… Pressure lines in a pneumatic or hydraulic schematic diagram are represented as a line showing the connection available for taking power. When plugged the pressure line is as follows While taking off the pressure time is presented as (Trinkel, 2006, 1) As a marine engineer you have been given a range of Pneumatic & Hydraulic circuit diagrams, you have been tasked to identify all symbols and explain the operation of the circuit, use the current standards (ISO 1219). Figure 1: Speed Control System Symbols FRL = Filter Regulator Luricator V1 = The power valve with multiple flow paths that are open as the arrows show the direction of power flow. The valve has two positions and three connections; it has four ports and two positions. = Mechanical control valve of a spring, which is used on one side of the valve for both closed and open system states. V2 = It represents a valve with multiple flow paths that are open also (Chanson, 2004, 26). It has 4 ports and 2 positions ………… = Pilot line = Working fluid line = sloping arrows on the valves/pumps indicate its variable or adjustable V3 and V4 = shows the process of piping in a fluid system where the crossed arrow stipulates it can be restricted or variable. Operation also shows that the flow is divided equally on both outputs of V3 and V4. If it had no arrow crossing it, it would stipulate the piping is restricted and fixed. V5 = Valve Check. It is the shuttle valve that isolate apart of the system from the alternate part of the circuit. One side of the flow is open and the other is closed (Airline, 2016). V6 = Valve, Directional flow paths with two positions and three connections on the Double Actuator cyliner carrying electrical power. It is a relief valve that sepaates the pressure gages. The relief valve in the system is used to protect it from pressurization.The line pressure of the system is proportional and limited to the electronic signal. = Cylinder (Odesie, 2016) = Mechanical valve controller ( a roller) The speed control system has numerous components, where each influences the successfuloperation of the system. The FRL lets air into the circuit, the air then flows into directions as the junction presents to the first valve and the 6th valve.Through a pushbutton on the V3, 4, V1 gets activated, which also activates V2 and V6.The equal flow of power from V3 and V4 directs the movement of the fluid, leading to equal outputs. Figure 2: Electro Pneumatic Double Bulkhead Lock Components a = Valve cylinders It represents a single-rod, double acting cylinder (ISO 1219-1, 2016, 46). b = Solenoid Direct Control Valve It is a control method and operator symbol. The symbol is identified as the solenoid recogniized through the one side that has a winding shown. It shows the direction of the actuation to the valve element in the system. Solenoid control valves It is a flow control valve, where the symbol represented by the arrows shows it is adjustable where the flow of power is only free in a single direction. = It represents the solenoid actuated in the mechanics of directional. That is; it is a 4 ports and two positions directional control valve that has a spring return (ISO 1219-1, 2016, 11). c = Control Circuit It represents a compressor. Operation The circuit shows a circuit diagram that controls a ferry lock. The logics the circuit uses are presented clearly in the pictorial illustration. That is; it uses a power source of 24V using the prox, sols and coils identified on the diagram. When one pushes the start button, the coils will be used to start the prox, which in turn will activate the visor lock actuator and piston of the ferry. The prox, 1, 2, 3, and 4 are all activated in different sequences. The solenoid valve is used to determine the process in which the fluid will be channelled to the open and close locks of the bulkhead. LO 1.2 Task 2 For the given system diagrams, read, interpret and explain the operation of both hydraulic multi-actuator sequential system that that are used on a vessel. Fig 3– Hydraulic Rudder System Symbols Large circle is a symbol of pump or motor Represents the restriction available on the flow The direction of the fluid fow on a hydraulic diagram The flow of the output is adjustable represents either a tank or resovoir used mainly for holding medium fluids of the system (Airline, 2016). The resovoir has connecting lines that are perceived below the level of the fluid. Flow direction Piston cylinders Unidirectional Pump (hydraulic fixed pump symbol) Rudder actuator Flow restriction Valves A hydraulic pressure control valve with three ports Control valve with a lever for controling the positions Hydraulic actuators occur as either linear actuators or rotary actuators. In the diagram above, the hydraulic actuators is the linear actuator kind, using the double acting cylinder based on the multi-actuator sequential system. The main components of the system above are the pump used and the actuator (rudder). The diagram presents that the pressure of the entire system is equal where the fluid force provides equal pressure to other components leading to the activation of the piston. The multi-actuator sequential system provided above provides forward and backwards motions and its symbol is similar to the construction of the actuator. The multi-actuator system symbol is represented as The input signals of the Rudder Hydraulic System occur at the first cylinder A and Cylinder B using the limit switch. Thee output signal is attained through the forward motion of the first cylinder as well as its return motion for both the A and B cylinders. The valves are activate once the rudder cables activate the hydraulic valves. The hydraulic valves channel the hydraulic pressure to the actuator, that ignites the rudder. Thus, the hydraulic rudder above operates through connecting the cylinders as provided to the piston and the valves. The variability of the piston through a restricted and variable state also improves its performance. The actuator leads to the output of the pump at the accepted pressure pushing it to its precise position. Fig 4– Hydraulic ferry visor lock Electro Hydraulic Sequence Circuit – ferry visor lock Components Valve cylinders Solenoid direct control valves Control circuit Operation The diagram presents the operation of a ferry lock circuit; the sequences of operation can be altered easily since they are variable. The source of power output is 24V with support from coils and proxs’. The ferry lock piston and actuator is activated through pressing the push button. The solenoid valve determines the channel or flow of the fluid on the ferry lock. The solenoid initiates the first movement of the system, where the actuator is the key energizer of the solenoid (Chanson, 2004). The valve sequence is also important in the process since it prevents the reduction of pressure on the cylinders available in the system. Several cylinders are connected to the valve sequence, which increases the flow to other cylinders. LO 1.3 Task 3 As an engineer on board ship, you have been tasked produce a suitable circuit design and simulation for either a pneumatic or hydraulic reversible rotary actuation system that includes speed control in both directions, which operates the locking mechanism for the rudder position. In addition to the above PASS criteria, this assignment gives you the opportunity to submit evidence in order to achieve the following MERIT and DISTINCTION grades Grade Descriptor Indicative characteristic/s Contextualisation M1 Identify and apply strategies to find appropriate solutions Effective judgements have been made. An effective approach to study and research has been applied. To achieve M1 you must demonstrate that you have compared and evaluated different methods of speed control and offered suitable justification for the chosen option. While using pneumatic symbols the diagram below uses the solenoid direct valves, motors to control the locking process and speed control in either direction. Task 4:- LO 2.1 Identify the features and describe the function and explain the operation of given items of pneumatic and hydraulic equipment, you should use technical data to validate your answer. (A) Pneumatic equipment Pneumatic Cylinder with cushioning and proximity sensors. A system consist cushioning piston, seal, lip seal, a control valve and a barrel (Krivts & Krejnin, 2006, 21-23). The system uses the directional control valves to regulate air received in the initial position of the system. The piston rod moves to the front cover that has the rod bearing Solenoid operated 5 port 3 position NC Control valve. The above named is a circuit activated through using a solenoid or manual control valve. The circuit can be operated as either an open or closed powered voltage with coils to energize the system. Desiccant dryer It contains a cooler, heaters, carousel, air filter and temperature control components. The operation of the system is allowing compressed air through several processes to filter water out, leading to a drying effect. Shuttle valve It mainly consists of a cap, core, seal, nut, and piston. The operation of the component it to let the valve allow fluid from the sources in the system. Sequence valve The main components of the valve are primary and secondary circuits, in let, drain. The operation of the component is maintaining a certain pressure level within the system. (B) Hydraulic equipment Hydraulic cylinder. Components include piston, rod, and O-ring. The operation of the cylinder is to attain power from the pressurized hydraulic fluids (Beater, 2007, 103). The pistons operations is to divide the cylinder allowing reversible movement within the system. Gear pump The operation of the gear pump is to pump hydraulic fluids that the circuit utilizes. A motor powers it. As the name suggests, the pumping process utilizes two gears that are compact and cost friendly. Gear pumps mainly occur in forms of gerotor pumps, lobe pumps, internal and external gear pumps (Doddannavar, et al., 2005, 41). External ear pumps operate using two equal gears that mesh externally. The gears are mounted on shafts to support the case cover bearings. The gear mounted on the shafts is coupled with a prime over leading to the drive shaft, which activates the second gear as it rotates between the gear case and covers. Operation of an external gear (Doddannavar, et al., 2005, 42) Gerotor pump is commonly used as an internal gear. The rotor (gerotor) is activated by power and meshes together the outer gear rotor forming an inlet and outlet to pumpbetween the rotor lobes. The inner gear has a tooth less compared to the outer gear leading to volumentric displacement. Gerotor Pump in operation (Doddannavar, et al., 2005, 47). Pressure relief valve The components of valve include seal holder, valve body, seal, nozzle inlet, spring, cap, bonnet and seal among others. The operation of the valve is to control pressure by ensuring only the appropriate pressure is released. Thus, it can reduce or increase pressure depending on the action at hand. Solenoid operated 4 Port 2 position spool valve The valve is operated using either a solenoid or manually controlling valve. The valve consists of four ports and two positions. Pressure reducing valve. The components of the valve include outlet, inlet, diaphragm, disk, seat and spring. The operation of the component is allowing varying volumes of flow (Beater, 2007, 197). The inlet pressure is greater to the output pressure. Task 5:- LO 2.2 Analyse compare and contrast the performance characteristics for two given items of pneumatic and two given items of hydraulic equipment. (A) Pneumatic Screw compressor – Comp air L series Model L 15. Pneumatic screw compressors functions at forces lower than 10 bars and compress air between the screws before releasing them at a high pressure. Comp air L series Model L15 functions on gravities above 10 bars and utilizes very multifaceted regulator systems to compress air. They also have a higher quality due to the extended warranty, attractive service costs, reliable operation and low noise levels. Pneumatic Screw compressor (http://www.cp.com/en/whatwedo/stationarycompressors/rotaryscrew/) Comp air L series Model L 15 (http://www.directair.co.uk/info/index.asp?page=compair-l15-air-compressor-624) (B) Pneumatic Centrifugal compressor – Atlas copco ZH 7000 Pneumatic centrifugal compressors are mainly utilized in minor gas turbine appliances while Atlas copco ZH 7000 are utilized in large manufacturing gas turbine appliances. Pneumatic centrifugal compressors practice the norm of compacting air in a circular manner. Pneumatic centrifugal compressor (http://www.cagi.org/about/sections/centrifugal-compressors.aspx) Atlas copco ZH 7000 rely use the circular motion fashioned by the internal burning engines Atlas copco ZH 7000 (https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Atlas-Copco-Oil-free-centrifugal-compressor_692422240.html) (C) Hydraulic Radial piston pump – Bosch radial piston pump Fixed displacement Model EO55 Hydraulic Radial piston pump depend on oddity, which is a determinant factor of the pumping of the stroke using mainly the pistons (Doddannavar, et al., 2005, 54). Some design use controls that can move the yoke forwards and backwards through the pump. The angle must be offset, the piston stroke should be identified, the diameter among others to attain the accurate displacement. (Moog, 2015) Hand Bosch radial piston pump has a fixed displacement that uses pressure ports for connection permitting the varying assigning of pistons. (http://www.as-hydraulic.com/bosch-eo55-radial-piston-pumps--fixed-displacement.html) (D) Hydraulic gear pump – Bosch fixed displacement gear pump model RE 10213 Hydraulic gear pumps operation is the alteration of hydraulic energy (Doddannavar, et al., 2005, 43). They pump by generating a space, which supports the fluid undertaking into and out of the pump using high pressures (Turolla, 2010). It provides pressure balance on the gears with the support of the plates providing the sealing. Other benefits include high efficiency just like the Bosch R 10213. The hydraulic gear pump also has a high flexibility, high operating pressure and a medium power density (Turolla, 2010, 5). (Turolla, 2010) On the other hand, Bosch fixed displacement gear pump model RE 10213 attain an enhanced efficiency since it is merged with an assimilated controller that is accountable for the systems compact design (Bosch Group, 2005, 3). The gear also has low noise during operation and flow pulsation including a long life (Bosch Group, 2005, 7). (Bosch Group, 2005) References Airline, 2016. Basic Schamaic Symbols Chart (Hydraulic and Pneumatic Circuit Design). [Online] Available at: http://www.airlinehyd.com/WebPages/Information/Knowledge_Center/Symbols.aspx [Accessed 16 11 2016]. Beater, P., 2007. Pneumatic drives. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag . Bosch Group, 2005. Internal Gear Pump, Fixed Displacement. Rexroth, Bosch Group, pp. 1-24. Chanson, H., 2004. Environmental hydraulics for open channel flows. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann. Doddannavar, R., Andries, B. & Jayaraman, G., 2005. Practical hydraulic systems: operation and troubleshooting for engineers and technicians. Amsterdam: Newnes. ISO 1219-1, 2016. International Standard. ISO 1219-1, Volume 2nd ed, pp. 1-165. Krivts, I. & Krejnin, G., 2006. Pneumatic actuating systems for automatic equipment: Structure and Design. Boca Rton; London: Taylor & Francis Group. Moog, 2015. Modular Design for Superior Performance Quiet and Robust. Radial Piston Pump. RKP, pp. 1-81. Odesie, 2016. ENGINEERING SYMBOLOGY, PRINTS AND DRAWINGS, MODULE 2. [Online] Available at: https://www.myodesie.com/wiki/index/returnEntry/id/3015#Actuator [Accessed 16 11 2016]. Trinkel, B., 2006. Chapter 4: ISO Symbols. In: http://hydraulicspneumatics.com/other-technologies/chapter-4-iso-symbols, ed. Hydraulics and Pneumatics. NY: ISO. Turolla, 2010. Series D: Hydraulic Gear Pumps. Technical Information. Turolla, Open Circuit Gear, pp. 1-36. Read More

V5 = Valve Check. It is the shuttle valve that isolate apart of the system from the alternate part of the circuit. One side of the flow is open and the other is closed (Airline, 2016). V6 = Valve, Directional flow paths with two positions and three connections on the Double Actuator cyliner carrying electrical power. It is a relief valve that sepaates the pressure gages. The relief valve in the system is used to protect it from pressurization.The line pressure of the system is proportional and limited to the electronic signal.

= Cylinder (Odesie, 2016) = Mechanical valve controller ( a roller) The speed control system has numerous components, where each influences the successfuloperation of the system. The FRL lets air into the circuit, the air then flows into directions as the junction presents to the first valve and the 6th valve.Through a pushbutton on the V3, 4, V1 gets activated, which also activates V2 and V6.The equal flow of power from V3 and V4 directs the movement of the fluid, leading to equal outputs.

Figure 2: Electro Pneumatic Double Bulkhead Lock Components a = Valve cylinders It represents a single-rod, double acting cylinder (ISO 1219-1, 2016, 46). b = Solenoid Direct Control Valve It is a control method and operator symbol. The symbol is identified as the solenoid recogniized through the one side that has a winding shown. It shows the direction of the actuation to the valve element in the system. Solenoid control valves It is a flow control valve, where the symbol represented by the arrows shows it is adjustable where the flow of power is only free in a single direction.

= It represents the solenoid actuated in the mechanics of directional. That is; it is a 4 ports and two positions directional control valve that has a spring return (ISO 1219-1, 2016, 11). c = Control Circuit It represents a compressor. Operation The circuit shows a circuit diagram that controls a ferry lock. The logics the circuit uses are presented clearly in the pictorial illustration. That is; it uses a power source of 24V using the prox, sols and coils identified on the diagram. When one pushes the start button, the coils will be used to start the prox, which in turn will activate the visor lock actuator and piston of the ferry.

The prox, 1, 2, 3, and 4 are all activated in different sequences. The solenoid valve is used to determine the process in which the fluid will be channelled to the open and close locks of the bulkhead. LO 1.2 Task 2 For the given system diagrams, read, interpret and explain the operation of both hydraulic multi-actuator sequential system that that are used on a vessel. Fig 3– Hydraulic Rudder System Symbols Large circle is a symbol of pump or motor Represents the restriction available on the flow The direction of the fluid fow on a hydraulic diagram The flow of the output is adjustable represents either a tank or resovoir used mainly for holding medium fluids of the system (Airline, 2016).

The resovoir has connecting lines that are perceived below the level of the fluid. Flow direction Piston cylinders Unidirectional Pump (hydraulic fixed pump symbol) Rudder actuator Flow restriction Valves A hydraulic pressure control valve with three ports Control valve with a lever for controling the positions Hydraulic actuators occur as either linear actuators or rotary actuators. In the diagram above, the hydraulic actuators is the linear actuator kind, using the double acting cylinder based on the multi-actuator sequential system.

The main components of the system above are the pump used and the actuator (rudder). The diagram presents that the pressure of the entire system is equal where the fluid force provides equal pressure to other components leading to the activation of the piston. The multi-actuator sequential system provided above provides forward and backwards motions and its symbol is similar to the construction of the actuator. The multi-actuator system symbol is represented as The input signals of the Rudder Hydraulic System occur at the first cylinder A and Cylinder B using the limit switch.

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