Applications of Pneumatic and Hydraulics - Assignment Example

LIСАTIОNS ОF РNЕUMАTIС АND НYDRАULIСS (J/601/1496 by Student’s Name Course code + name Professor’s name University name City, State Date of Submission Task 1: - LO 3.1 Designing and producing a circuit design diagram for either a hydraulic multi-actuator sequential operation circuit, that includes emergency stop functions Creating this circuit diagram require a set of sequential devices that work hand in hand so as to ensure the intended operations are correctly achieved. One of the tools that will make this circuit work is the stop valve[Fad11]. The stop valve will help in preventing the door from shutting up once it has been released. Unlike in the previous ships, the doors once released have to reach the closing position. This circuit will ensure that it can be stopped midway before it reaches the closing position. This will be made possible with the help of a latching emergency stop palm button valve. Once the emergency stops palm button valve have been realized the state of the door will not charge hence making the door stop since the pressure and pullback force that act to close the door will be blocked by blocked by the stop valve. Once the door has stopped, the fluid flow will be held back through the push button until the emergency have been assessed then the pilot spring valve will realize the fluids thus setting the door in motions once again. This way, the circuit will cut for the emergency stops. Figure 1: Emergency Stop Circuit Task 2: - LO 3.2 Designing and producing a circuit design diagram for hydraulic rotary actuation system that includes speed control in both directions Designing this circuit will require particular components that will work together to bring speed control on both sides. Therefore, this circuit will comprise of the directional control valve which replenishes the hydraulic fluids to the plurality of pressure chambers of an actuator and passes the same fluid to the hydraulic fluid steering engine via the check valves and stops valves. The relief valve which also forms part of this circuit will be designed to bring the desired charge pressure that is supplied to forcibly reduce the air volumes in the pressure chamber through the directional control valve, check valve and to the stop valves. Consequently, it holds the rudder blades in a hydraulic locked state thus controlling the speed on both sides of the ship. More practically, from the diagram below, the valve labeled 40 is designed to turn the rudder blade while the valve 41 aims to cross-rudder 40 mechanically so that the straight - line motion of rams 42 and 43 will be converted to a rotary via the crosshead 41.The cylinder labeled 1, 2, 3 and four will be tasked with the role of causing the rams 42 and 43 to have a straight forward movement and backward movement too[Kon152]. These hydraulic cylinders will be provided with small diameter oil pipeline for emergency steering that is separated from the main steering line so that any emergency can be controlled and the speed monitored on each side. On the other hand, the stop valves labeled V1 to V2 will be connected to their respective lines labeled 1 to 4 and the oil lines 5 and 6 in conjunction each other through a relief R1. These stops valve will only be opened in the event of an emergency requiring the sudden stop. Again, the valve D1 which is the hand-operated control valve will be used to charge and replenish the used fluid to the hydraulic cylinders. This Valve D1 will be connected to the oil line 5 and 6 through line 7, 8, 11 and 12. On the diagram, the "S.D" represents a solenoid-operated directional control valve that consists of a solenoid – operated valve labeled X the pilot –operated valve Labeled Y. The S.D valve is meant to replace the hand –operated directional control valve when there is an emergency or when the speed is to be controlled on both sides. This circuit is also made up with numerous ports that are designed to carry out different functions. For instances ports, A and B that are found on the valve Y are connected with oil passage 5 and 6 respectively with the help of the oil line 13,14, 9 and 10 and stop valves V5 and V6. Another port that is very crucial for this circuit is the port P, which bumps PF1 of the double unit for the emergency purposes through the oil line 16. Lastly, port T help to return oil line of the hand driven directional control valve D1 and charging oil into tank labeled 37. The hydraulic cylinder labeled 1 to 4 are fixed with bleeder valves E1 to E4 that is connected to the oil tank labeled 38 for the main steering pump unit via the bleeder lines 32, 36, and 38 and with the stop valve E5. This sequence operation ensures that the fluid is cut off in a manner that emergency stop is achieved. To bring an action that will ensure that the speed on both sides is monitored, different steps and stages are involved. The first stage is the replenishment of the oil. At this stage, the fluid is immediately cut off from reaching the cylinder number y1 to y4 and the emergency stop valves labeled V1 to V4 will be opened for emergency steering[Ses15]. Consequently, the directional control valve D1 is diverted to the directional control valve D2 and then the emergency motor number M will be switched on. Once the running of the motor M has been stabilized at the desired speed, the hand drove valve D1 will be shifted to charging position D1-1 so that the charging can be carried out by the stumps PF1 and PF2. At this time, the rudder blade is tossed by the waves, but the fluid oil flows towards the pressure chamber so as to avoid resisting and tempering with the violent movement of the blade. The next stage is the air bleeding. Immediately the locking of the stop valves have been done, the cylinder rudder 1 and 2 and the air bleeder valves E3 and 4 are being opened so that the air bleeding can begin in the two valves. However, after the conclusion of the air bleeding, Valves 3 and 4 which are the air bleeder valves are simultaneously opened and the oil quantity oil tank 37 is then passed to the emergency pump unit that also receives the oil that is flown out by the air bleeding. The last stage is the emergency steering. At this juncture, the stop valve V5 and V6 are opened, the solenoid–driven valve X is changed under the electric non-follow-up control by the operators. In this way, the connection is made between the ports P of the piloted-operated valve Y so as to influence the steering engine in the port thus making the engine have full control of the speed of the ship on both sides[Ses15]. Figure 2: Hydraulic Rotary Actuation Circuit Task 3: - LO 3.3 Designing and producing a circuit design diagram for an electro-hydraulic system arrangement Designing and producing a circuit diagram for an electro-hydraulic system arrangement, like any other circuit will require a systematic and sequential arrangement of components so that the machine can function as expected. Electro-hydraulic technology particularly the automation circuits are always made up of the three broad components. The sensors are designed to execute the logics and operations of the system. These sensors also comprise of some devices such as two valves and several switches. The other important component of the circuit is the control devices and the actuators. Each component is tasked with its duties to ensure that proper execution of the machines is carried as designed. More precisely, designing this relay circuit signals are required. The relay signal comprises of the proximity of directional control valves and switches. The directional control valves will ensure that they link the electrical signal control unit to the pneumatic power portion on the controller. On the other side, the most important switch that is sometimes referred to as proximity switches consists of the three components. These components are; Changeover contact switches, Normally- opened contact switches and the Normally- closed contact switches. The circuit will also require an electro-mechanical tool that will control the operation of a single acting cylinder. This will call for the installation of the valve which will work hand in hand with the DCV double solenoid that will also monitor to control its operation. This circuit will not be able to work without electrical devices such as the coils. This is because each circuit requires a device that will help to regulate and generate enough power that will supply all the operational components of the machines. Therefore, the coils and the proximity sensors must then be installed. Moreover, the components of the proximity sensors will be utilized more frequently than the coils since the sensor can detect various elements of the circuit and as well as the whole machine[Sun16]. For instances, the optical sensor will be able to detect bright objects and other reflective surfaces with the exception of the black and dull surfaces. The inductive sensor will help to detect the compatible metals to the machine and the circuits while the capacity sensor will contribute to identifying if all the component of the circuit is complete and well-connected hence promoting proper coordination of tools in the circuits. This circuit will also need a signal system. This system will ensure that the circuit has a constant and continuous electrical signal that will help the operators to monitor the machines operation even when the push button SI is unlocked[Sun16]. This will require the installation of a competent self-holding electrical circuit. However, how the push button always controls the self-holding electrical circuit work mounted on the SI. For example, when the push button is pressed for a certain given time, the coil will be powered and in return the changeover contacts to turn on while the relay remaining activated. Figure 3: Pneumatic Circuit Figure 4: Electric Circuit Task 4: - LO 3.4 Designing a hydraulic ‘fail-safe' circuit application that would stop the arm from dropping if there was a power failure. Fail–safe circuits are always made to prevent injuries to the persons in charge of the operation and prevent accidents and damages to the machine as a whole. Most of the times, the machines' arm suddenly drops to the ground due to power failure or due to overloading. However, designing a fail-safe circuit that helps to avoid the arm from dropping due to the sudden power loss requires certain devices and tools that work together to bring sequential operations and coordination with other parts of the machine to ensure that the arm does not drop. In the event that there is a power loss, the pilot pressure from the blank end of the piston will open the check valve so that the cylinder can be lowered at a speed that does not cause any harm. On the same note, once the check valve, which will be located at the rod end, have been opened, the oil will be allowed to pass to the reservoir through the DCV. The oil will only reach the reservoir only when the push button valve has been actuated so as to allow the pilot pressure actuation from the DCV or the direct manual operation of the DCV during the pumping process. The pilot-operated pressure will intern permit free flow of the fluids in the opposite direction so as to retract the cylinder from falling at a high speed when there is a power failure[Sun14]. Therefore, for this circuit to be complete it must have the push button valve, check valve, cylinders, pilot-operated DCV and Manual operated DCV so as to ensure that the arm does not drop to cause injuries and damages. More practically, from the diagram below, the directional control valve labeled 1 will be monitored and controlled by the push button three-way valve labeled 2. The pilot line valve 1 will make the valve labeled 3 which is the overload valve to switch to its spring-offset mode. In the circumstance when there is the power failure that will result to the cylinder experiencing excessive resistance when undergoing stroking, the sequence valve labeled 4 will actuate valve 3 hence draining the pilot line of valve1 making it settle back to its spring-offset mode. This will result in the operation of the push button valve 2 that will ensure that power valve locked and the overload valve 3 is shifted into its blocked port configuration. This ensures that the arm will come down at a lower speed, or it will stand still at the point where the power is lost when overload valve is locked. To lower the machine's arm, the manually operated DCV pump will allow the passage of the fluid so that the arm is dropped at a slow speed hence causing no arm Figure 5: Fail-safe Circuit Task 5: - LO 4.1 Uses of hydraulic fluid power technology for a given industrial application The application of the hydraulic fluid power technology exists in almost in every industry. For example, in the construction sector, the construction machines of various types apply this technology. The equipment such as the forklifts, cranes, pumps, fall arrest and even pumps uses this technology. These equipment use hydraulic mechanisms to either lower or lifts the objects from the construction site. Moreover, they are also used to dig and excavate the areas that cannot be dug physically by people due to the limit in space. The hydraulic fluid power is also used in agricultural sectors. With the invention of various machines, agriculture has seen a lot of changes, especially during the land preparation and harvesting. A typical example is the Oxbo Model 316 grape harvester. This machine can be applied in various terrain and all sizes of the grapes. It is picks grapes with the help of the Saurer-Danfoss 75cc and the compensated piston pump. The harvested grapes are then transferred to the conveyor to the temporary store located at the back side of the machine where they are then taken to be processed and stored. Furthermore, the hydraulic fluid power is also applied in the fishing industry. The recently introduced commercial fishing boat has a running vessel engine runs at the highest speed, and it utilizes the hydraulic to operate a generator which helps to cut down the total amount of fuel used. Unlike the traditional vessel which consumed a lot of fuels since the captain were the ones tasked with the role of choosing an arbitrary speed hence they were driving these machine at the cruising speed, and this was leading to the wastes of fuels[Sun14]. Apart from the total fuel consumption while in operation, an auxiliary generator which powers the vessel also provides electrical power for lighting the ship, accommodation and the other function carried out in the vessel. Unlike the previous vessels where the diesel which was running the ship and the generator for lighting the accommodation area and the other function were different, therefore, this new technology has increased the effectiveness in the fishing sectors. In the environmental and health departments, the hydraulic fluid power system is applied to pick up trash and rubbish and load them into trucks. The machines such as the ZR series full-automated engine can pick the rubbish in areas where there are no space or areas that are considered hazardous to human lives. The feature zero-radius side arm lifts the containers vertically and places them in areas where they are required without the use of the arm to extend outwards further into other narrow corners or alleys. Another thing that makes this machine more suitable to use than the formally used machine is its ability to eject fully and open the tillage and applies telescoping cylinder to discharge the load without having to tip up the body. Again, the inclusion of the electrohydraulic into the road construction and machines have helped to reduce the time and cost of the road construction and highway building while also improving the standards and qualities of the roads built. One of the most conspicuous examples of the electrohydraulic applied in this area is the GHP-2800 slip form paver machine. This machine is an electrohydraulic control system that makes it accurate, faster and easier to control and it also increases the versatility and efficiency in the construction industry. For example, a track circuit applies a closed-loop hydraulic pump while the vibrator circuits use open- loop load-sensing pumps. All these circuits bring effectiveness in the operation and maintenance of these machines. Another place where the hydraulic fluid power is applied is the music industry. In this industry, this technology has been used to perform numerous tasked. For instances, the Spider-man musical utilizes this technology to lift platforms. The downstage which is usually located at the further corner is the mounted three scissors that helps to lift the machines that form the basement and lower the ten feet by thirty feet area of the stage down to the ten feet hiding it completely from the site. The Parker D91FH is one of the most used machines to perform this work hence revolutionizing the music and entertainment industry as a whole. Gasket blanketing machine Coming up with a gasket machine that needs precise and certain tools that will help the operation and the functioning of the circuits and the machine as a whole - Therefore, this machine will have a loading bed which will receive the sheet intended to be cut from the roll tooling. This sheet will perform two functions; separating the gasket and center crap from the remaining sheets which have not been cut and lining the materials straight so that they will fit into the machine they are meant to be used with. Another component of this machine is the feed bed and the loading bed. The feed bed receives the incoming web of gasket materials from outside while the loading bed acts as an outlet which gives the processed or the cut materials. The cut material once they reach outside they need to be interlocked thus calling for the installation of substantial unrolling machines. Once the materials have been interlocked, they are then taken to the blanking area through the feed bed which is located at the end of the power bed. Task 6: - LO 4.2 The technical requirements and commercial considerations for the Gasket blanking machine The technical requirements and commercial consideration for the blanking machine involve many factors that must be critically looked into. One of the factors is the selection of the correct components which are appropriate for the application with the machine. This is because the behaviors of a flanged joint entirely depend on whether or not the tension that is created in the fasteners is capable of clamping the other joint components with enough force to resist failures of the seal. This also involves ensuring that correct selection of proper bolting materials so that joint fails to the machine is avoided. Another consideration that is made when applying this device is the materials to be used depending on the intended application. Various materials used to make this machine have different uses in different circumstances, for example, the flange material are usually made up of fragile materials therefor the application requires that it should be used in a place where there is high pressure, and forces are not applied[Sun14]. On the same note, the person in charge of designing this machine is also required to check and establish the condition within which the device will operate. They will be necessary to determine the type of materials, the amount of pressure involved and have to determine if the machine will be able to withstand the application. If not are required to design another device that will work properly. It is also necessary that engineers are designing the gasket blanketing machine to use the appropriate number of the fasteners that is designed for the flange. When fewer cables are used, the other joint devices will be put under tension by the tightened nuts hence bringing deformation to the fasteners. This will produce a permanent deformation to the fasteners since it will never be able to return to its original length and on top of that its effectiveness will be impaired. The flange protection system is another consideration when designing this machine. The new flange which has not been used is needed to be supplied with a plastic coating so as to protect the flanges before the actual application. However, these coatings should be removed from the area of the contact since when hot, they become soft. Hence, they reduce the friction that exists between the gasket and flange surface. Additionally, when soft gaskets are being applied, the machine can experience certain failures that come from the excessive creep brought about by the low level of friction. Another consideration for this machine is the environment where it is going to work. The engineers tasked with designing this machine must know the environmental conditions for this machine. They have to ascertain whether the environment is cold of hot and whether the environment involved contain some chemicals. This will enable them to design a machine that will be able to withstand the environmental conditions as well as the chemical which are involved hence preventing certain risks coming from overheating and corrosion of parts of the machines. The attachment of the methods must also be considered. Always it is needed that attachment noodle and base to be wider and firm so that it can anchor and endure the entire weight of the machine. On the same page, the adhesive attachment requirement stipulate that the minimum strip adhesive must have a right amount of weight so that it can match the weight of the machine to be attached. This so since, the adhesive are the devices that hold the seal to the mating substrate machines. Therefore, it is important to determine the weight of the machine and the gasket so as to reduce the risks of the machine collapsing. The lubrication to be used is also one of the requirements for this machine. The user and the designers must make sure that the lubricants that are used are compatible with the machines parts such that they do not cause corrosion. Again, these lubricants should be very compatible with the fuels used to power the machines. This will help to avoid the problems of contamination of the fuels. Contamination of the fuel will mean that the machine will never run hence bringing more complications Task 7: - LO 4.3 Health and safety requirements for the design, installation, maintenance and use of the blanking machine To meet the health and regulation standards set by the authorities, accompany or any other organization is required to carry out periodic inspection of the device. The inspection of the device should be only carried by the individuals who are familiar with the construction and design of the machine and will be able to detect any wrong thing with the machine and determine their possible safety and health. The periodicity of the inspection should be carried in accordance with the law[Sun14]. One the machine has been diagnosed as faulty; the employer should be able to wear the employees who work or operating the machine never to use the machine until it is repaired. Also, where the safety of the machine depends on the installation, the employers or the organization, in general, should carry a thorough initial inspection before the installation. The organizations are also needed by the authority to provide the employees with full and accurate information regarding the use of the machines, the fuels that are used and how the refiling of the fuels is done. Again, this information should include the limit of the machinery such as the speed, the loading capacity, environmental and interface limits. This information will help the employees to guide the employees on how to carry out themselves while operating the machine. Furthermore, this information should be able to indicate conspicuously the places or components of the machine that may cause instant injuries such as the sharp points of the machine, turning part and even openings that may also cause injuries. All this will help the organization to avoid injuries which can be managed by following instruction or caretaking. It is also required that the organization to carry monitoring processes where they can know whether they can if they support system is ready to tackle any form of risks. This will also help them too if their protective measure is efficient and d reliable to curb the risks associated with the gasket blanking machine. Investigations of the past accidents in line with the gasket machine should be done adequately establishing the possible causes. This will enable the organization to realize where their mistake relied on and will have to work on the weakness so that such risk will not occur again. More so, the documentation of such accidents will help the designers and the manufacturers to track the status of the hazards and risks. Therefore, the manufacturers will be able to know what may have caused the accidents if it the mistake arising from them then they will try and correct them on the other machine that is not yet sold hence helping to prevent other situations. Competence education and training should also be offered to the employees. The employer ensures that worker has received adequate training, instruction and information that will allow them to perform their tasks competently and safely. Other skill such as emergency preparedness skills will equip the employees on deciding on what route to take in the event of an accident, how to raise an alarm and how to help the others who have been affected by the accident. All these education will help the organization to be more than ready to curb and deal with each type of these risks. During the installation, the organization is required to give the employees with the full information on how the compression will be done. It should outline which type of attachment will be used, whether it is the use of clips, nails or the staples. This will help the employees to know how they will handle the machine while in operation hence they help to prevent the certain problem that may arise due to the weak attachments. References List Fad11: , (Fadiga, et al., 2011), Kon152: , (Kondo & Kurata, 2015), Ses15: , (Sesetty & Ghassemi, 2015), Sun16: , (Sung, 2016), Sun14: , (Sung & Kim, 2014), Read More