Calculating the Radial Velocity - Essay Example

A) Calculating the radial velocity: in calculating the radial velocity one must demonstrate that light from distant galaxies must be shifted to longer wavelengths through what is referred to as the Red Shift using the equation:
∆λ/λ=V/C
For Galaxy 1:
(8204 angstroms-6563 angstroms)/8204 angstroms=V/300million
1641/8204×300million= 60.007million m/s
For galaxy 2:
(6549-6563)/6549=V/300million
64.132million m/s
b) For particle reactions, the conservation rules of Charge (C), Lepton number (L), and Baryon number (B), all have to hold, otherwise, the reaction cannot occur. Show that the reactions below follow these rules:
anti-neutrino + proton neutron +anti-electron
neutrino + neutron proton +electron
anti-neutrino(C=0, L=-1,B=0) + proton(C=+1,L=0,B=1) <—>neutron(C=0,L=0,B=1,) +anti-electron (C=+1, L=-1,B=0)
Totals on the left side: C = 0+1 = 1, L = -1 +0 = -1, B = 0 + 1=1
Totals on the right side: C = 0+1 = 1, L=0-1=-1, B = 0+1=1
So the values prove that they are equal

c) Evidence of the existence of dark energy
Scientists through the Big bang theory have known that the universe is expanding at an accelerating rate. Dark energy is the hypothesis that scientists believe to be the most viable to explain this observation. Scientists describe dark energy as a form of energy in space that accelerates the expansion of the universe. Evidence of dark energy is through the supernovae, large-scale structure theory, observational Hubble constant data, late-time integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect, and the measurement of the cosmic microwave background (Sarkar, pg33).
d) How the top-down scenario for the formation of structure in the Universe differs from the bottom-up scenario
The proponents of the top-down scenario proposed that the structure forms through the collapse of a huge gas cloud and as the cloud collapses the gas forms a rapidly rotating disk which is the galaxy (Sarkar, pg55). The bottom-up scenario, on the other hand, involves the merging of smaller objects to form large ones, which means that galaxies form by the coalescence of smaller structures to form one huge structure.
e) Features of the earth that demonstrate that it must be more than a million years old Read More