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The history of credit rating can be traced back to the early 1840s when the financial crisis of 1837 took place. The increasing levels of non-payment, after the economic crisis, can be cited as one of the primary causes behind the establishment of the credit rating system. It originated in the USA and the first credit rating agency was set up in New York.
The performance of markets under different economic and political conditions has been highly explored in the literature. One of the most important challenges that modern markets have to face seems to be the following: the information related to events that can influence the price of securities and other financial products is often incorrect.
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Accounting Research Essay Table of Contents Part A 3 Part B 4 Literature Review 4 Normative Approach In Current Economic Environment 8 Normative Approach In Current Business Environment 10 Positive Approach in Current Economic Environment 11 Positive Approach in Current Business Environment 12 Whether One Approach Can Be Deemed To Be Preferable To The Other 12 References 14 Part A Normative approach, the term, was first applied by Adrian Holliday, in the year 1994, which signifies the study of culture.
The capital structure of the firm is a dynamic decision and this decision faces impact from a lot of factors. Accounting for a wide variety of factors both internally and externally, firms’ capital structure responds to changing dynamics. Capital structure theories have developed a framework for defining aspects and patterns of capital structure.
Today’s business decision-making and business strategies greatly depend on the financial data and the way in which the accountant manages the data. Thus, the role of a management accountant in maintaining the financial data and retrieving them when required becomes crucial.
Moreover, the accounting professional designs their strategy on a long-term basis because the growth and success trend of the corporation depends on long-term ethical decision-making. In the case of fraud tracking, the ethical behavior of the accountant influence dealing with the personal relationship.
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The paper gives a brief history of the fall of the company and the recent rise in the company profits. The above study aims at analyzing both the short and long-term shareholder wealth effect that resulted from Aqua’s Initial public offering on the London stock exchange which investigates the effect on the company’s share price following an inclusion to or exclusion from the S&P 500.
The concept of efficiency is at the epicentre on the finance concepts. The efficiency in the market is a term that is used to describe the market of financial assets as well as securities. The information prevailing in the market has the central role to play in this type of market structure.
The role of International Monetary Fund in the world monetary system. The International Monetary Fund plays a major role in evolution of international monetary policies and economic policies of the governments of the member countries. The policies relating to developing countries are largely influenced by the policies of IMF as they have to comply with the conditions of IMF while they demand for credit facilities.
The report has been structured in a logical flow starting with the vision statement and the strategy the company needs to adopt in order to be en route of achievement of its vision in the long run. Later, the report provides a detailed balanced scorecard tailored according to the vision and the needs of a company.
The researcher states that in August 2004, the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) announced a USD 150 million’s penalty levied against BMS. This was part of an agreement to settle charges by the SEC that the company had engaged in a fraudulent scheme to inflate sales and earnings in order to meet analysts’ earnings forecasts.
Europe has experienced two interrelated crises over the past few years namely the banking crisis emanating from capital market security losses, as well as homegrown boom-bust problems and the sovereign-debt crisis that was caused by the recession experienced in the region. The sovereign debt crisis particularly worsened in 2010 raising many concerns.
Established 25 years ago, SHL today offers pathology and clinical laboratory services, and radiology and diagnostic imaging services in eight countries: Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom (UK), Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, and Ireland. It also runs minor operations that include the management of medical centers as well as the conduct of seminars and training for medical practitioners.
With the reported asset base of about $2.33 trillion in 2010, Barclays Bank management has taken drastic measures to ensure that the company grows even bigger (Marie 2012, p.12). This is similar to both the Old Mutual and Standard banks. Mergers and acquisition have been some of the strategies used by the banks to increase their influence.
This study evaluates the sensitivity of cash flow in the U.S. manufacturing companies from 1970s to 1990s. It explores the variation in the sensitivity in line with certain factors affecting the capital market including institutional ownership, flows of funds, analytical history and the amendments against takeover.
The Royal Bank of Scotland is a subsidiary of The Royal Bank of Scotland Group Plc. which was established in the 18th century as a society for protection of the funds of investors from the failed company of Scotland. The society later turned into a company and started to provide banking services.
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It also reports on each of the two issues mentioned in “recent developments and opportunities” and indicates what the government might be expecting from Global Hardwood Corporation and in return, what benefits GHC might request from governments. It also focused on risk assessment related to any inward investment which might follow the discussions with the host governments.
The United Kingdom (UK) is one of the major importers of tropical hardwood (Forestry Commission, 2007). 52 percent of Brazil’s mahogany hardwood is imported into the UK. The UK hardwood processing companies generate very little profit from this industry (Lambert and Halliwell, 2004). This is a major concern for UK hardwood processing companies.
The company should not be practicing this method. It should plan for a flexible approach that will reduce its risk exposure in the foreign exchange market. The treasurer should perform a financial analysis of the capital market and suggest the best possible mode of payment to the suppliers which reduces its risk exposure in the foreign exchange market.
IBF Supplies Plc is a London based large manufacturer and distributor of office supplies. A recent forecast shows decline has been shown in the demand for office supplies in the UK. At the same time, it is anticipated strong demand for office supplies in Eastern Europe, Asia and Africa over the next several years.
Corporate governance is considered as the set of mechanisms that assists in protecting the interests of shareholders. Corporate governance also facilitates enhancing the economic perspective with regard to an organisation. It is a broad term that delineates procedures, duties, strategies, regulations and institutions that direct organizations in the way they act, manage and control their operational activities.
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All the three financial statements right from the cash budget projected profit statement and the projected balance sheet are all healthy. The cash budget from the projected figures indicates consistency in the profitability of $667 throughout the 12 months of the year. This is very healthy considering that all the costs are taken care of.
Consequently, the companies are required to comply with international accounting standards. Cookie Jar and stuffing the channels management policies must be eliminated from actual accounting practice because it would mislead the financial statement readers. Additionally, the companies should immediately implement asset impairment accounting procedures.
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The author states that fraud violates the main acknowledged accounting values. Virtually all administrative activities comprise a potential outcome on earnings. Two important elements that are identified by the definition are inextricably linked to the concept of earnings management – specifically, consequences and intent.
The primary role of financial reporting is to meet the requirements of stakeholders and interested parties by making them familiar with relevant information that is often considered to be extremely useful in making economic as well as business decisions. Essentially, such information ensures the effective functioning of the business.
The Royal Bank of Scotland plc (RBS) refers to as British banking, as well as an insurance holding firm in which the HM Treasury of United Kingdom Government, as of 31 March 2012, manages and holds an 82% stake through UKFI or UK Financial Investments Limited.
An engagement letter is primarily considered as a legal relationship between a business organization and its clients. The organizations might entail investment banking, consultancy or accountancy firms. Contextually, in terms of both auditors and clients, this letter primarily depicts the terms and the provisions of the engagement.
An audit engagement letter provides assistance in avoiding any confusion related to the engagement which might occur in the process of auditing. The engagement letter includes the documentation and confirmation of the auditor’s acceptance with regard to the appointment. It also involves the auditor’s responsibility toward the client.
The research study analyses the evolution and how the industry has improved and changed because of IT. Changes in IT have influenced the banking industry of India as it has offered convenience to make transactions. Consumers have also welcomed the changes that have occurred over the period of time as the volume of transaction have increased over the years
NEXT Plc has been among the renowned fashion brands offering reasonably priced women wear, men wear, kids and home wear to a wide range of customers within and outside the UK. NEXT Plc has been in business for 150 years and over the years, it has managed to expand its offerings as well as updating existing products with enhanced value.
Most minerals fetch better prices if value is added onto them through diverse industrial processes. I would therefore expect a mining company to make investments in value additions for their minerals that involves construction of value addition plants.
In Arabic the term “Ijarah” means to give something on a rent and in conventional accounting this term is referred to leasing. Ijarah is a mode of leasing contract which involves a lessor known as mu’ajjir, who transfers the right to use a specified asset to the lessee known as musta’jir for a stipulated time period and in return asks for some periodical rent payment.
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Middle-income countries are countries that are still struggling in their provision of facilities to their citizens and have not reached the developmental level required by the Millennium development goals. Most citizens live in poverty, although there are countries like Malaysia which although a middle-income country it has achieved commendable development through the years.
Raising capital can be a significant and crucial task for any company as several technicalities and procedures are involved. It is generally observed in an economic scenario that the company with a good credit history and uplifted financial outlook is likely to raise funds easily as compared to the otherwise.
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The financial crisis of 2007 has been a basis of a number of problems being faced by the international business and accounting profession in particular. Investigators have claimed that more than half of the global capital which was being pooled from one end of the corner to another by the implication of financial products has been wiped out.
The company experienced tremendous growth in the 90s which then gradually declined due to competition in the sector. In the year 2007, the company’s market share was 28% which then came down to 12.6% in 2009. The company operates globally including countries like Italy, Britain, Sweden, Germany, United States, Australia, China, India, Norway, and of course Denmark.
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The changes in currency conversion rates due to fluctuation in Euro would create an impact in the chemical markets all over the world. In case the Euro is weakened for several years, the production levels and revenues of the global chemical markets would also change thereby affecting the profitability of the chemical producers across the world.
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The trend of investment in developing countries has increased in magnitude over the past few years. Analysts have found that higher incidences of investment are being found in emerging countries. The concentration of the Equity Portfolio Flows (EPF) is the highest among a cluster of emerging economies, Latin America is the biggest destination for foreign investors (Claessens, 1993).
Businesses and organizations have gained significant benefits with the increase in globalization all over the world. Among many benefits, one key advantage associated with globalization is that it has enabled business entities to adopt accounting frameworks that are internationally accepted and recognized.
Tate & Lyle plc is one of the largest companies based in the UK providing food ingredients and services solutions worldwide. The study provides a detailed financial analysis of the company. In the case study, the financial and operational evaluation of the company in question has been undertaken. For the purpose of the operational capability of the company.
The United Kingdom financial services sector is one of the largest in the world. It contributes billions of pounds every year to the UK economy and employs over 2 million people. The financial services sector has been a major player in global financial services, and any uncertainty and instability are likely to result in an equal level of uncertainty and instability in the global financial system.
INTRODUCTION
Acquisition has been one of the strategies that the organisations in different parts of the world use to expand their market share, increase their customer base, enter into a new market, capitalise on the opportunities from the markets and for several other reasons.
Harbin Banks headquarters are in Harbin and it has also expanded and opened up many branches in Chengdu, Dalian, Tianjin, Shenyang, Chongqing to mention but a few. The bank’s vast growth is evidenced by the total assets amounting to 127.17 billion Yuan by the end of 2010. This comprises of 112.89 billion Yuan of deposits.
Business is becoming very competitive and companies have to offer value for the stakeholders to succeed. Through the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR), companies have been forced to look beyond the economic returns of the business but also consider their impact on the environment and community around them.