Finance & Accounting Essays

The most important element for any business is the availability of the funds and finance. Almost all organisations make sure that they have the required funds in order to run the operations of the business in effective and efficient manner. Main issue in the starting of any business or organisation is to search for appropriate source of finance in order to make sure that the start-up funds are available (Johnson, & Scholes 2001).

The paper is about a case study on the aircraft manufacturing industry. When Boeing planned to launch its 747, with the capacity of 550 passengers, the management did not feel that the plane would be profitable in the long run for the company therefore they rejected the development of this plane. However, Airbus management felt that the jumbo sized plane could give them competitive advantage.

The focus in this paper is on pricing strategy as the main part of every business. For any business the key factor is to set a differentiating image in the mind of the customer and once that differentiating factor is set in the minds of the customer one can easily play on prices of the product. However for this purpose one needs to have a grip on appropriate pricing strategy to get the best results.

This paper presents a detailed analysis of the use, importance, barriers and the economic benefits of using the sustainability report by a company in the daily practice. This allows the society to understand and judge how well an organization or a company is performing.

In the report, the researcher has discussed about the development of the UK corporate governance code from 1992 to present. For ensuring a good corporate governance structure in the companies, the government has set many committees for suggesting the changes those are required in the companies. The committees suggested changes in the various areas of the company.

The essay discusses that both financial and management accounting is a critical part of any organisation. They play a vital role to make or break a business. Effectiveness and Efficiency of business organisations depends on sound financial and management accounting systems involved in any business concern.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate and present analysis of portfolio value and risk of the portfolio; analysis of the various strategies; overall profitability. Continuous monitoring of the stocks market is also necessary so as to effective manages one portfolio. Continuous monitoring helps also in benchmarking as preventing inventors in running to huge amount of losses.

From the research it is clear that nowadays, there have many companies come into competition for serving the medical needs of the growing population. These companies have great pressure to serve the best possible quality products as the customers are mainly patients and ill people. In medical technology, Medtronic is considered as global leader.

This paper is an international module providing a broad overview of financial values for all learners and a base for additional in depth study of finance and accounting. The report consists of International Financial Reporting, Interpretation of accounting information, Budgeting and Organisational Objectives and Investment appraisal Techniques.

The paper shall first scrutinize other sections of the business plan which include, mission and vision of the business, business description, the goals and objectives, market analysis, competitor analysis, industry analysis, product offering, marketing plan, operational plan, sales strategy, organizational structure and implementation plan.

The basic objective of an auditor is to obtain audit evidence which is sufficient and appropriate in the circumstances that the financial statements are free from material misstatement. These misstatements may occur due to fraud or error. The auditor obtains this audit evidence by obtaining an appropriate level of assurance that financial statements are not materially misstated. The audit evidence thus obtained allows the auditor to report on the financial statements.

The focus in this paper is on Sainsbury plc as the parent company of Sainsbury's Supermarkets Ltd, generally known as Sainsbury's, the third biggest chain of supermarkets in the U.K with a share of 16.5 per cent in the UK supermarket division. The group's headquarter is in the Sainsbury's Store Supporting Centre in Holborn Circus, City of London. The company also has interests in banking and property.

Based on this research the focus that the management of Goldman Sachs has on risk management through its strategies ensures that it remains one of the most admirable financial institutions especially because it remained firm after the global financial and economic crisis. The use of different management strategies has led to the company’s growth worldwide as the leading financial institution.

The analysis has shown that organizations can take help from different models to get their portfolios presented to shareholders, and other stakeholders. In portfolio management there are certain sensitive areas that needs to be dealt very carefully because every shareholder do not usually enters into the organization to see the reality of the work being processed and the management of assets.

The paper tells that Citigroup has a vibrant investment banking sector, with a perceptible global presence and a good reputation in the industry. Citigroup engages in all aspects of investment banking, and takes the lead in provision of the services in the Latin America and Caribbean regions. Citigroup was able to bounce back and attain profitability through other facets of the investment banking business.

Explain the theoretical rationale for the NPV approach to investment appraisal and compare the strengths and weaknesses of the NPV approach to two other commonly used approaches. Net Present Value Method The Net Present Value (NPV) is defined as “the present value of a project’s cash inflows minus the present value of its costs” (Brigham & Ehrhardt, 2010, p.

The author states that WorldCom was faced with corporate fraud where its financial executives undertook to hide certain expenses during the period of 2000 to 2002. The financial executives sought to misrepresent and delay reporting particular expenses to give investors a false growth picture of the company’s stock prices.

The article highlighted and discussed issues including use of net incremental cash flows, impact of tax rate changes, credit rating downgrade and the appropriateness of the discount rate. Appendices are also attached which represent the computation of Net Present Value, Weighted Average Cost of Capital and Internal Rate of Return for the project Bisham.

This particular report will attempt to critically analyze the 12 policy choices out of those 16 in the context of UK and Germany. As both the countries have the largest capital markets in the euro zone, therefore a comparison of these two countries will help in understanding as how the countries adopt different IFRS policy choices that are available to them.

According to the research findings the various roles and functions played by HSBC in the global offering of CTF are mentioned in the subsequent paragraphs. HSBC acts as a joint global coordinator, joint book runner and joint sponsor in the global offering offered by Chow Tai Fook Jewellery Group Limited.

This research is being carried out to evaluate and present a brief interpretation of the financial ratios of Rolls Royce and its major competitors. It is advised to the management of Rolls Royce to take a review of all of its business activities as the current financial position of the company is quite depressing.

The outline of this article is framed in such a manner that the first section describes the theory of investment decisions for the acquisitions. This research highlights the motivation of top management of William Hill Plc behind this acquisition deal. Subsequent section emphasizes the impact of this acquisition on the capital structure of William Hill Plc.

This report analyses two aircraft manufacturing firms; Airbus and Boeing. The report is based on a case which mainly revolves around the airline manufacturing industry. The most important players in the airline manufacturing industry are Airbus and Boeing and both are competing against each other.

The article takes a deeper look at the financial crisis or great recession as probably the worst financial catastrophe after the Great Depression in the 1930s. The global financial crises typically led to the subsiding of many financial institutions all around the world, crumpling of stock and financial markets globally and bailouts of financial institutions by governments.

The objectives of this research are as follows: • To study the relationship between the duality of CEOs and the performance of their companies during both the pre-recession and post-recession period. • To study the positive or negative impacts of duality of board structure on the performance of the firm.

The researcher will try to find out the effect of the oil prices on the stock markets of Gulf Council Countries considering all the factors which affects the stock market like the capital existing in the market, the gross domestic product, the unemployment rate etc. Is there a positive correlation between the two or there is a negative correlation between the two variables that would also be analyzed.

There has been a growing concern about the survival of companies especially during the recent economic and financial crisis. Many companies have collapsed and others may be at the verge of collapse due to failures in accounting as professionals in this field have neglected the importance of ethics in governing the day to day activities of their companies.

This research will begin with the explanation of leverage buyout. An organization is often taken over by a particular firm involved in investment activities. These firms use a comparatively tiny portion of equity and a comparatively large portion of outside debt financing. This type of activity is known as leverage buyout.

What Companies Can Learn From The Enron Case and The Impact of the Enron Case? Enron Corporation was a reputed American energy, services and merchandise based organisation establised in the year 1985 by Kenneth Lay. It was situated in Houstan, Texas of the United States (US).

A Credit Default Swap (CDS) is a monetary swap agreement between parties designed to shift the credit exposure of unchanging income products (Choudhry, 2006). The agreement facilitates the lender or creditor to transfer credit from a third party to an insurer who agrees to insure the risk of default payment of credit.

This essay addresses the problems of management control and accounting that was persistent at Ivy League University which lead it to introduce new ERP system. The problems have been analyzed from three perspectives i.e. agency theory, contingency theory and institutional theory and has addressed mainly the potential problems of principal-agent and the management accounting system in an organization.

The researcher states that creative accounting is an appalling challenge to the profession of accounting. It is a problem which is not centred to certain specific countries but all the nations of the world. The managers of the companies are motivated to the use of creative accounting practices in financial reporting of the company in many ways as discussed earlier.

‘The process of identification, measurement, accumulation, analysis, preparation, interpretation and communication of information that assists executives in fulfilling organizational objectives… a formal mechanism of gathering and collecting data for the ends of aiding and coordinating collective decisions in light of the overall goals and objectives of an organization.

The market capitalism and the economic system of Islam share some similarities and differences. A system is defined as the functional components that collectively make certain sectors of the ethic- economic order work (Choudury and Malik 15).

The Napoleonic wars provided the impetus for the creation of a progressive tax regime. In other words, when the Income Tax Act of 1799 is compared with the taxes collected at the time of Oliver Cromwell, it is evident that this system was much more progressive. This is because people earning above £60 were the only ones taxed.

Creative accounting is an innovative yet unethical practice that converts the sense of an accounting treatment while being within the scope of treatment prescribed by accounting standards. It can be said that taking advantages of the loopholes present in accounting standards is the other way of explaining creative accounting.

Monthly average number of check-ins has the positive impact on the manhours such that for 1 extra man hour, 1.80 check-in are required. The coefficient for weekly hours of service desk opreration is 0.59 which causes an additional manhour. The common use area has a negative impact on the manhours as every 21.48 square feet will reduce one manhour.

One of the main instruments in this branch of banking is a letter of credit (L/C). A L/C is “a letter from a bank guaranteeing that a buyer's payment to a seller will be received on time and for the correct amount” (Investopedia). The bank is obliged to cover the amount if the buyer is unable to make the payment, on presentation of shipping and other stipulated documents, and under specified conditions.

The paper tells that accounting practices have from time to time been compiled by the desire and directive from corporate influences to harmonize rules and regulations of financial reporting to international standards. Publicly listed companies all over the world have the obligation of complying with International Accounting Standards in the interest of the public and more so, success of corporations as global entities.

This article will attempt to xplore the subject of international financial management under the following divisions: international financial markets; foreign currency risks and types; exposure to foreign exchange rate risk; exposure to interest rate risk; foreign direct investment and its management; multinational capital budgeting.

In the accounting support of an organization’s planning and control activity, especially the preparation and use of budgets, management must be aware of the implications of human behaviour’. Critically discuss the above statement by elaborating on the behavioural aspects of accounting control systems and illustrate this with brief examples.

Accounting and Corporate Finance Part A a) Define each technique Net Present Value In simple words, the Net Present Value refers to the value of a future amount today. It basically helps in finding out whether a project is profitable or not. It requires finding out the present value of each future cash flow discounted at a specific value, which is the cost of capital of the project given in the form of a percentage.

This research initiative was started with a mere thought that took solid shape with the support and guidance of many. The researcher would like to express his deep gratitude and thankfulness to his supervisor for guiding and supporting him at key stages of the research along with making things easy through compassionate behavior. 

The paper highlights the short term and long term goals of Business Conference PLC in the beginning of the report followed by viability of the conference. Business Conference PLC is a company which conducts business conferences for the companies such that different delegates, attendees and other guests and speaker participate in those conferences.

The paper discusses about different aspects and approaches of the accountability Rolls-Royce group have adopted to deal with its various stakeholders regarding its corporate environmental and social reporting, how the company has incorporated the issues in its long and short term strategy, what steps the company has taken to address environmental and social concerns and how effective their implementation have been.

The research demonstrates that the manner in which the FASB, IASB and the SEC have been working towards achieving convergence between the US GAAP and IFRS is indeed questionable. Despite several delays, there appears to be commitment between both sides to achieve a universal accounting framework at the earliest.

According to the research findings it can therefore be said that the segregation of duties may be employed as a way to introduce completeness and accuracy in the receivable accounts of the company by employing additional personnel in the accounts department responsible for recording and maintaining the payment portion.

Define Monetary Policy, and Discuss the Recent (2011/2012) Direction of Monetary Policy in a Country of Your Choice Introduction The conception of monetary policy is commonly regarded as fiscal strategies or guiding principles which are implemented portraying the means and the techniques of money supply in a particular economy.

Topic: Equilibrium and competition in the banking sector LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction Equilibrium and competition in the banking sector has been analysed through various general equilibrium banking models along with the role of mediation technology. Banking competition plays a critical part in the equilibrium level in various monopolistic, perfect and conditions of imperfect competition, as depending on the mediation technologies.

This research is the best example of comparison of Organizational Theory Perspective; Agency Theory Perspective and Contingency Theory Perspective. The three different theoretical perspectives are similar since they all seek to explain the implementation of ERP systems in organizations and the subsequent accountability and management control issues.