Costs of USA Recent Wars - Research Paper Example

Module: Due US Cost of Recent Wars: Is It Worth It or Is It An Economic Burden? The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan amongothers are some that the US Congress has approved following 9/11. In fact, the US congress has since estimated about 800 billion dollars as the in-cost of these wars. Mckelvey (2011) asserts that the US military is in the course of spending $113 billion in this fiscal year in Afghanistan alone. Interestingly, it is likely to utilize about $107 billion in the next fiscal year. However, a number of administrators are already poking holes into the budget following the killing of Osama Bin Laden. While the wars that the US has advanced following the attack may be justifiable, there are underlying concerns which should be examined with a pinch of salt. Fear et al. (2011) believes that the economic cost alone without considering the human cost (for example the psychological impact) is in itself alarming (Chandrasekhar, 2011). Some of the questions being asked by many Americans and other people across the world include the reasons that rationalize the cost of the wars which are quite exorbitant as compared to others that the US has fought in the past, and when one examines the other areas of the economy. Quadra (2011) observes that the long term cost in education for example is a serious concern portending long term costs, with Thomas (2011) reckoning that these wars have led to the unplanned cuts of funding education. As a result of this many students have had to stage demonstrations with anti-war slogans. But the one to blame for the recent wars is an issue that many Americans are grappling with. Margaret (2011) reasons that George Bush’s administration has a great deal to do with where America is today and further states “… tax cuts destroyed a balanced budget, Medicare in order to finance budgets of two wars...’’ (Margaret, 2011) The Real and Likely Future Cost: The exact cost of wars may be difficult to ascertain due to problem of estimation and the history of wars that the US has engaged in. However, the real cost appeal can be conceptualized when one looks at the Gross Domestic Product. If this is considered then arguably post September 9/11 wars have cost a great deal more than others in history (Daggett, 2011). To understand cost more reasonably, it is important to dichotomize it into sub-sets as follows: the likely cost in the coming fiscal year, the cost since September 11, the cost per agency and the overall categories of the costs. Likely Cost: The Next Fiscal Year: The cost of war, regardless of the underlying concerns may still take a good chunk of the Federal budget. Of the total budget this year, Ronald (2010) observes that “… About $534 billion will be given in 2011 to the Department of Defense and another $55 billion to Veterans Affairs. Defense spending does not include, however, the costs of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, counted as separate items in the budget …” Cost in the Years Past (since September 11 Attack) to 2011: The US government has used a great deal of money in wars since the September 11 attack in its three initiated major military operations. These operations include: Operation Nobel Eagle, commonly referred to as ONE. The rationale behind this operation is the provision of increased security for the American Military bases as well as domestic security. This was put as a response measure to the attacks. The other is Operation Enduring Freedom, commonly referred to as OEF. This has been meant to predominantly take care of Afghanistan as well as other Global War on Terror (GWOT) in countries such as the Philippines, Somali and Djibouti among others. Third is the one dubbed Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) which started in 2002 with its peak being the grounding of invasion of Iraq in March 2003. This was later propelled and aided by continued “counter-insurgency and stability operations, and is slated to be renamed Operation New Dawn as U.S troops focus on advisory and assistance roles” (Dagget, 2011). Broadly speaking, since the September 11 attack and particularly the tenth year of operation which saw the troops’ withdrawal from Afghanistan and Iraq, the total cost of war has been arguably a pertinent issue. Further, the other areas of concern related to this are the cost of the mean estimates of regular spending rates and the cost of each of the operation. In addition, the worry is also pegged on the issue of the broad costs and time-frame of future operations (Dagget, 2011). With the assumption of the yearly standard of today’s ‘Continuing Resolution’ as well as factored on Department of Defense, USAID as well as the Department of Veterans Administration budget submissions, the total cost of the war operations since the September 11 attack has been estimated at the following: 806 Billion Dollars for Iraq; 144 for Afghanistan; 29 Billion dollars for increased Security and 6 Billion which has not been allocated or disbursed (DOD, 2010). These costs are inclusive of medical care and diplomatic costs for the Afghanistan and Iraqi wars. The total cost is thus estimated at 1.283 trillion Dollars (Dagget, 2011). Analytically, most of these costs are in relation to Iraq standing at 63%, followed by Afghanistan at 35% and the disproportionate allocation going for enhanced security at 2%. The estimates of the Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) have been predominantly associated with Afghanistan (Scummer, 2007). War Funding in the Context of Agencies: It can be authoritatively said that the total war funding has been majorly funded by the Department of Defense standing at 94%. The USAID which stands at 5% goes with 67 Billion Dollars. OEF and OIF on the other hand have taken 1% with an estimated cost of 8 Billion Dollars (Daggett, 2011). For the DOD, the cost can be seen as incremental. This means that apart from the regular military pay, together with other tenets earlier mentioned, other costs include war related programs e.g. Emergency Responses which are tailored to meet specific needs of the wars. In fact all the DOD costs are reflected in the allocations between Iraq and Afghanistan (Fergusson, 2004; Daggett, 2011, Kutz & Pickup, 2005). The State Department-USAID on the other hand is indicative of the expenses incurred as a result of aid programs advanced to foreign countries, operational costs within US embassies and the re-construction costs in both Iraq and Afghanistan which have been within the Supplemental Appropriations Acts. Often the US congress allocates funds for each country in its budget estimates (Daggett, 2011; Robb, 2007). The VA on the other hand separately reviews the cash spent on OEF and OIF Veterans. This is done basically in relation to medical programs for CRS estimates as dived based on troop’s saturation levels in a particular country (Daggett, 2011) Categories of the Costs and what they portend: Within the said costs, an estimated percentage standing at 94% has been pegged on the Department of Defense. This has been solely to take care of incremental tailored estimations and needs. This means that the cost is outside the peacetime endeavors. Overall, the cost has been categorized in a number of ways: Operations of Maintenance otherwise referred to as O&M funds (Scummer, 2007). The O and M funds are designated to offer transit for troops and operation gargets in Iraq and Afghanistan. Further, the fund is meant to carry out military activities, enhance domestic support bases, and maintenance and repair of dilapidated weapons and equipments used in the wars (Agar, 2007). The second category is the cost relating to recruitment and remuneration. This entails special pay for designated to the military including ‘hostile fire or separation pay’ as well as taking care of the extra cost of igniting the personnel on reserve including paying for expanded or increased Army and Marine Corps with the aim of mitigating stress among the troops. The third category is the allocation for procurement. This is meant to purchase equipments and weapons to replace the ones lost in the wars and take care of modernization associated with the ever changing composition and structure of the Military due to increasing technological sophistications (Agar, 2007; Geiger, 2007). Fourth is the cost of Research, Development, Test and Evaluation. This is meant to facilitate development of enhanced efficient and effective methodologies as well as ways to contain war threats including roadside bombings. Fifth is the cost that covers Military Construction. This is mainly done for the establishment of infrastructural facilities particularly in Afghanistan and Iraq. The other category is the Working Capital Funds. This covers expansion of inventories of spare parts and fuel to provide support during the wars (Scummer, 2007; Agar, 2007). Cost Summery of the US Wars Cost Per War since September 11 to 2011 War Cost in Dollars Percentage for Already Allocated Afghanistan 144 Billion 35% Iraq 806 Billion 63% Increased Security 29 Billion 2% Un-allocated/ TOTAL COST ESTIMATES 6 Billion 1.283 Trillion Cost Per Agency since September 11 to 2011 Agency Cost in Dollars Percentage for Already Allocated Department of Defense 925 Billion 94% USAID 67 Billion 5% OEF and OIF 11 Billion 1% TOTAL COST ESTIMATES 1.283 Trillion 100% Cost through the Years Since 1965 Year of War Spending Total Military Cost (Dollars) War Cost %(GDP in Peak Year of War Peak Year of War Spending Total Defense % GDP in Peak Year of War Vietnam (1965-1975) Current Yr Constant FY2011 111 billion 738 billion 2.3% 1968 9.5% Persian Gulf War (2003-2010) Current Yr Constant FY2011 61 billion 102 billion 0.3% 1991 4.6% Iraq (2003-2010) Current Yr Constant FY2011 715 billion 784 billion 1.0% 2008 4.3 Afghanistan/other (2001-2010) Current Yr Constant FY2011 297 billion 321 billion 0.7% 2010 4.9% Total Post 9/11-Iraq, Afghanistan/others (2001-2010) Current Yr Constant FY2011 1,046 billion 1,147 billion 1.2% 2008 4,3% Sources of Data 1. U.S Department of Defense, National Defense Budget Estimates for FY2011, DOD. 2010 and 2. Sahr, Robert. Inflation Conversion Factors for Dollars 1665 to Estimated 2019. Oregon State University. 2010 Notes: 1. The above costs are just estimates of the costs of the Military Operations and they do not indicate any cost of veteran’s benefits, debt which is related to war or even assistance that was offered to spies and allies 2. All the costs were based on the US Government Budget 3. For the Korean War, the estimates represent increased expenditure in the Department of Defense relating to the conflict Period 4. In the case of the Vietnamese war and that of the Persian Gulf, the figures presented indicate an incremental expenditure of operational costs which means the costs are the estimates of those away from the usual defense 5. In the case of the Operations relating to the war since 9/11 attack, which is the thrust of the paper, the statistics presented in the fact sheets are indicative of war-related appropriations. In these the current year dollar estimates are converted into consistent prices using estimates of changes across the consumer price index for the period before the year 1940 and comparing this to the governmental budget and the Department of Defense inflation rate for the periods that followed 6. The CPI estimates are derived from Oregon State University 7. The totals for after 9/11 attack are predominantly funds that were appropriated through the legislation of FY2010 in addition to 33 billion dollars which were a supplement to FY2010 8. The totals derived from the above were of the activities that the DOD does not factor in e.g. costs of reconstruction, diplomatic security costs and other agencies 9. All the figures are for outlays Works Cited The sources for literature analysis are as follows: Agar, Herbert. The Price of Power: America since 1945. University of Chicago Press. 2007. Print. Allen, Joe & Pilger, John. Vietnam: The (Last) War the U.S. Lost. Chicago. Haymarket Books. 2008. Print. Badkhen, Ann. The Baguettes of War Washington. Foreign Policy: May/June 2011. Print. Belasco, Amy. Global War on Terror Operations since 9/11. Congressional Research Service (CRS). 2011. Print. Chandrasekhar, Rajiv. Cost of War in Afghanistan will be a Major Factor in Troop-Reduction Talks. Journal of Cafe. 2011. Print. Daggett, Stephen. Cost of Major US wars. Congressional Research Service (CRS). 2010. Print. Fear, Nicola et al.. The Impact of Deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan on Partners and Wives of Military Personnel. International Review of Psychiatry 23.2 (2011): 192. Print. Fergusson, Nail. Colossus: The Price of America’s Empire. New York. Penguin Press. 2004. Print. Geiger, Dale. Winning the Cost of War: Applying Battlefield Management Doctrine. New York. I universe Inc. Greer, Gordon. What is Price Security? Lincoln. Iuniverse. 2005. Print. Haralambos, Aggrey. Nuclear Disarmament in International Law. Jefferson: McFarland and Company Inc. Publishers. 2002. Print. Kutz, Gregory & Pickup Sharon. Global War on Terrorism: DOD needs to Improve Reliability Cost Data and Provide Additional Guidance to Control Cost. Washington DC. DIANE Publishing. 2005. Margaret, Steinfels. Trivial Pursuits. Commonweal 137.17 (2010): 61. Print. McKelvey Tara. Covering Obama’s Secret War. Columbian Journalism Review50.1 (2011): 44. Print. Price, Randal. Unholy War. Jerusalem. Harvest House Publishers. 2001 Quarda, Merroche. The Long Term Educational Cost of War: Evidence from Landmine Contamination in Cambodia. The Journal of Development Studies47.3 (2011): 399. Print. Robb, John. Brave New War: The Next Stage of Terrorism and the End of Globalization. New York. John Wiley and Sons. 2007. Ronald, Osborn. A Reckoning: The Price Tag for America’s Wars. Commonweal 137.13 (2010): 10. Print. Scummer, Charles. War at Any Price?: The Total Economic Cost of the War Beyond the Federal Budget. Joint Economic Committee. 2007. Thomas, Grosse. Day of Reckoning. ASEE Prism 19.6 (2010): 22. Print. The sources for the cost summery are as follows: Sahr, Robert. Inflation Conversion Factors for Dollars 1665 to Estimated 2019. Oregon State University. 2010. Print. and US Department of Defense. National Defense Budget Estimates for FY2011, DOD. 2010. NOTE: The two distinct sources for cost summery are also part of the fact sheet/literature because it is not possible to do the analysis in their isolation Read More