Course: Instructional Design and Development. Assignment#10 (Last) - Essay Example

Assignment 10: Formative and Summative Evaluations COMM 600-001: Instructional Design and Development Dr. Luis C. Almeida October 2, Assignment 10: Formative and Summative EvaluationsThe basic difference between formative and summative evaluations is actually seen in terms of the placement or position of the evaluations within the instructional design process. Under formative evaluations, as emphasized by Brown & Green (2005), this evaluation is used “throughout the instructional design process to gather data that can be used to provide feedback on how the process is going” (p. 162). In contrast, the summative evaluation is a form of evaluation that is usually “takes place after an instructional intervention has been implemented” (Brown & Green, 2005, p. 168). There are also disparities in approaches, as summarized in the table below:Formative Evaluation ApproachesSummative Evaluation ApproachesSmith and Ragan’s (2004) four stage process: “design reviews, expert reviews, learner validation, and ongoing evaluation” ( (Brown & Green, 2005, p. 162)Program Evaluators’ approach summed in Figure 10.

1 (Brown & Green, 2005, p. 169)Morrison, Ross and Kemp’s (2007) eight steps approach based on Gooler’s (1980) approach: purpose, audience, issues, resources, evidence, data-gathering techniques, analysis, and reporting (Brown & Green, 2005, p. 163)Kirkpatrick’s Four Levels of Evaluation: reactions, learning, transfer and results (Brown & Green, 2005, p. 170)Dick, Carey and Carey (2009) approach based on three phases, to wit: one-to-one or clinical; small group; and field trial (Brown & Green, 2005, p. 165)Smith and Ragan’s (1999) eight step process: goals determination; selection of indicators of success (2), orientation (3), design (4), evaluation measures (5); data collection; analysis of data; and reporting of results (Brown & Green, 2005, p. 171)Morrison, Ross and Kemp’s (2007) 7-step approach: identify objectives; specify evaluation design; design of data collection procedures; implementation; analysis; interpretation; and dissemination of results (Brown & Green, 2005, p. 172)Dick, Carey and Carey (2009) two phase approach: expert judgement and field trial (Brown & Green, 2005, p. 173)Aside from differences in approaches, there are also evident disparities in designing and conducting these two methods of evaluation where the formative evaluation method starts with focusing on ID projects (Brown & Green, 2005, p. 168); while the summative evaluation, the implementer would not be the instructional designer but would be an evaluator that was contracted for the instructional design.

ReferenceBrown, A., & Green, T. (2005). The Essentials of Instructional Design: Connecting Fundamental Principles with Process and Practice. Prentice Hall.