The Traditional Visual Surveillance System - Essay Example

English 102 The Impact of Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) On Security Introduction Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) plays a significant function in maintaining security both in private and public settings. For instance, it enables prevention of crime against a person or their property (Welsh and Farrington, 2). In this case, people have developed a perception towards CCTV, whereby it is considered a technique through which a formal surveillance can be conducted, thereby enhancing or replacing the need for security personnel. This research will focus on CCTV gathering ideas from different sources in order to support claims indicating that CCTV has facilitated development of significant and enviable effect on security (Welsh and Farrington, 2). For example, CCTV surveillance cameras have been installed in areas such as car parks in order to reduce rate of crime. CCTV was developed through a relationship between photographic image and crime control, which is deeply rooted since the birth of photography. In fact, the initial photographic technique considered commercially viable was into Paris, and it was patented in 1839. Furthermore, by 1840 this photographic technique has gained the potentiality, through which criminal classes could be identified and documented. Therefore, CCTV has been very effective in the process of targeting vehicle crime in various car park schemes. On the other hand, there are other different fictions that taken by use of CCTV to reduce crime (Welsh and Farrington, 2). Moreover, ideas presented in this research are aimed at supporting use of CCTV in order to improve the level of security in private and public settings. Apparently, ideas presented in this paper support future use of CCTV schemes, through application of high-quality evaluation design based on a long follow-up duration (Welsh and Farrington, 2). This paper will provide substantial evidence to support the notion that CCTV increases productivity in terms of controlling security breaches as well as providing psychological benefits to civilians by allowing them to feel secure in places with CCTV. Publicized prevention of crime through CCTV has led to a perception of offenders being subjected to probability of detection; hence, they are deterred from engaging into criminal activities. Furthermore, use of CCTV for crime prevention increases probability of detection, thereby promoting usage of various facilities by public without fear (Rose, 127). On the other hand, CCTV encourages people to take security precautions due to increased potentiality of becoming victims. In addition, CCTV offers a way of encouraging direct intervention of law enforcement officers and the security personnel in the process of preventing crime. There is also a possibility that CCTV can increase signal enhancement in various regions, which can result to increase of community pride, cohesion among members of community, thereby informing the social control (Rose, 127). Actually, CCTV has led to increased expansion of surveillance the resent years, and this is aimed at responding to the increasing anxieties regarding crime and the treat to security and safety. In this case, this has led to deployment of a significant number of surveillance cameras in different public areas such as transport infrastructures (i.e. airports, subways), shopping malls, sport arenas, and residential streets. Besides, this has been serving as a tool of reducing crime and risk management. Traditional visual surveillance system depends on human operators, who monitor activities in order to determine actions that should be undertaken in dealing with a situation where an incident has occurred (Shaogang, Loy, and Xiang, 2). In this case, CCTV can be used in the process of tracking targets that are suspicious using different cameras and informing necessary agencies to areas of concern. On the other hand, there are cases which may be miss-detected using manual systems, and these results from inherent limitations associated with deployment of sole human operators eyeballing CCTV screens. There are some factors that contribute to cases of miss-detection, which include dealing with excessive number of video screen for monitoring, exhaustion as a result of prolonged monitoring, and distraction as a result of added responsibilities such as administrative tasks (Shaogang, Loy, and Xiang, 2). In this case, surveillance footage has been applied for passive records or to serve as evidence, which can be used for investigations. Apparently, cases of miss-detection have detected to be risky in cases that involve crucial surveillance tasks such as those in border control or airport. However, research in the field of manual surveillance using technology providers and end users, has proofed to be inefficient in meeting the need for screening in a timely manner (Shaogang, Loy, and Xiang, 2). Nevertheless, searching exhaustive colossal amount of data gathered from video, which is obtained from the increasing number of cameras in public and private areas (Shaogang, Loy, and Xiang, 2). Moreover, this problem can be solved using paradigm for video content analysis, which is a transition from human operator model to a machine-aided and automatic model. Reason / Criterion One: In order to understand the extent by which Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) has influenced security, there is need to determine whether hidden cameras decrease or deal with the breach of security in terms of people’s perception. Besides, there is need to understand the certain perceptions that people have regarding CCTVs or their security. Support: CCTV has an influence on security, whereby the technologies of video surveillances has been suffering from a false alarm rate, cases of over sensitiveness to visual context changes as a result of rule that are hard wired (Shaogang, Loy, and Xiang, 14). Seemingly, this has resulted to a question whether CCTV surveillance is contributing to a reduction of crime or a breach of security, especially in situations that involve poor scalability to crowded public scenes. On the other hand, there are emerging techniques, which assist mitigation of these problems. For instance, there are video analysis deriving benefits from recent development in computer research, and this is contributing significantly to establishment of cases of profiling, non-trajectory, which are based on representation in crowded scene analysis (Goold, 141). There are cases where multi-camera network cooperative activities involving monitoring, visual context modeling and human in the loop learning. Therefore, the pubic develops a perception, which can be identified through emerging algorithm and employment of improved visual analytics for surveillance and security. CCTV has led establishment of a positive perception due to assimilation of technologies that facilitate robust and transfer of video analysis. Moreover, other factors facilitating positive perceptions include constructing computer vision algorithms learning adaptively over long duration of time. However, other limitations which can affect the effectiveness of CCTV surveillance such as location in order to cope with weather conditions, substantial environmental changes, cameras changes and transition associated with activities dynamics (Goold, 141). Nevertheless, this perception has been increasingly influenced by the knowledge, which is learned in a given scene that is selectively transferable to other new scenes, while avoiding the need to invoke another learning process. CCTV surveillance schemes involve use of multi-sensor, which are aimed at utilizing information obtained from various heterogeneous sensors for collaborative analysis. Therefore, utilization of different visual devices has contributed to effectiveness of these systems, thereby leading to positive attitude by the public (Shaogang, Loy, and Xiang, 14). For instance, hidden cameras have been combined with pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ) technology, thermal cameras, stereo cameras and time-fight cameras and wearable cameras that all aimed at improving the level of security in different areas (Shaogang, Loy, and Xiang, 14). Reason / Criterion Two: Impact of CCTV on security can also be explored by identifying some specific reactions from people knowing that its operations have been fully established. Also, there is need to identify the level of public confidence on issues concerning their security with assistance of surveillance and spying through CCTVs. Support Peoples’ reactions towards operation of fully established CCTV schemes can be understood by an overview of the fundamental objective of visual surveillance systems, which involve usual event (Guagnin, 83). On the other hand, people have responded negatively to the unusual event detection method, which employ outliers’ detection strategy. In this case, this model is trained applied in normal events via one unsupervised one-class learning (Guagnin, 83). There are Surveillance videos from public areas, which are densely cluttered, and with numerous factors that can cause nuisance, while other appears visually the same as unusual events of interest. Public confidence on issues concerning their security with assistance of surveillance and spying through CCTVs has been affected by reliance on information, which is obtained from the imagery data, since it has become difficult to distinguish genuine usual events from noise (Guagnin, 83). Reason / Criterion Three: Understanding the impact of CCTV on security requires exploration of the way CCTV was received when they were initially introduced and how has the attitude changed. Support Initially, CCTV was focused on offering an intervention for cases of crime; thus it was received with intention of using it for evaluation of security involving one or more intervention. However, CCTV was considered the main intervention relative to other interventions of security (Norris, McCahill, and Wood, 110). There were other numbers which entailed evaluation of multiple interventions, which led to identification of CCTV as a very important intervention to the problem of security in different areas. However, CCTV changed with time; in fact, this transition can be evaluated with exploration situation associated with impossible disentangle effect of other interventions. Attitude towards use of CCTV for surveillance has improved due to optimal circumstance involving the effective use of these schemes; through it is not clearly depicted in the present. In this case, this has resulted to a need for establishing a future evaluation research for improved application of CCTV (Norris, McCahill, and Wood, 110). On the other hand, CCTV surveillance in areas such as car parks was initially limited focused on reducing the rate of vehicle crimes; in fact, this was the only form of crime, which was evaluated through CCTV scheme. Moreover, initial introduction of CCTV surveillance in car parks involved a camera coverage which was high in the process of evaluating these reports. For instance, effectiveness of CCTV surveillance schemes were evaluated by Britons, and the results indicated the there was a significant correlation with the extent of coverage done by CCTV in these car parks. Apparently, CCTV is increasing being considered to be a focus intervention in dealing with cases of crime in various areas. People’s attitude towards CCTV surveillance based on other interventions, whereby it is considered an improvement compared to other strategies such as lighting and security guard. On the other hand, it is plausible to make suggestions that CCTV schemes have been considered to offer increased coverage and interventions and targeted crimes. Evaluation of CCTV schemes in the city and town centers and public housing has been evaluated to a substantial extent based on different forms of crimes. Nevertheless, there are different forms of studies that have been focused on evaluating these interventions. CCTV schemes have been employed in public transport systems, though this has not been led to significant effect on crime. Attitude towards CCTV has been influenced by advancing knowledge regarding the reduction of crime as a benefit of CCTV schemes (Ryberg, 13). This attitude can be evaluated by focusing on attention to the methodology with rigor of assessing the designs. On the other hand, application of reasonably comparable control group can be utilized in assessing the attitude towards CCTV schemes. Evaluations of this attitude have led to towards the threats internal validity, which resonated around issues such as selection, history, maturation, and instrumentation. Some people have developed a positive attitude towards effects of CCTV on security, which can be investigated after controlling (Ryberg, 13). For instance, this attitude towards CCTV is evaluated by regression equation based on the crime and other community level factors that relates or influence crime such as poverty and poor housing. In addition, this research creates a possibility of matching areas to choose one at random experimental area. Conclusion The paper has provide substantial evidence to support the notion that CCTV increases productivity in terms of controlling security breaches as well as providing psychological benefits to civilians by allowing them to feel secure in places with CCTV. The paper offered an introduction section that entailed an overview of the topic and the thesis statement. The other section entailed three reasons to through which ideas were gathered from different sources to support these reasons. Apparently, this research paper has managed to gather necessary information to explore the impact of CCTV surveillance on security. Works Cited Goold, Benjamin. CCTV and Policing: Public Area Surveillance and Police Practices in Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2004. Print Guagnin, Daniel, et al., eds. managing privacy through accountability. Palgrave Macmillan, (2012): 83-100. Print. Gong, Shaogang, Chen Change Loy, and Tao Xiang. "Security and Surveillance." Visual Analysis of Humans. Springer London, 2011. 455-472. Norris, Clive, Mike McCahill, and David Wood. "The Growth of CCTV: A Global Perspective on the International Diffusion of Video Surveillance in Publicly Accessible Space." Surveillance & Society 2 (2004): 110-135. surveillance-and-society.org. Web. 6 Aug. 2013. Rose, A., et al. "Public Perceptions of Static and Redeployable CCTV." Community Safety: Innovation and Evaluation, 13.2 (2007): 127-143. Ryberg, Jesper. "Privacy Rights, Crime Prevention, CCTV, and the Life of Mrs. Aremac." Res Publica, 2007. Shaogang, Gong, Chen Change Loy, and Tao Xiang. "Security and surveillance." Visual Analysis of Humans. (2011): 455-472. Eecs.qmul.ac.uk. School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science. Web. 3 Aug. 2013. Welsh, Brandon, and Farrington David. Crime Prevention Effects of Closed Circuit Television: A Systematic Review. Home Office Research Studies. Popcenter.org. Center for Problem-Oriented Policing, Aug. 2002. Web. 4 Aug. 2013. Read More