Fire Safety in Submarine Construction - Term Paper Example

Fire safety in submarine construction Name: Tutor: Course: Date: Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 List of Figures 4 1.0 Introduction 5 1.1 Limitations 5 1.2 Phase One: Module and Hull construction 5 Figure 1: Sprinkler and foam extinguishers 7 Figure 2: Fire safety layout 7 1.3 Phase Two: Module shipping, services routing and externals construction 8 Figure 3: Water and liquid foam extinguishers 9 1.4 Phase Three: Section assembly, services connection and outfitting 9 Figure 4a: High sensitivity smoke detector 11 Figure 4b: Xgard gas sensor uses electrochemical, catalytic and infrared sensors 11 Figure 4c: Mechanical foam (AFFF) fire extinguisher 11 Figure 4d: Dry powder extinguishers 12 Figure 5: Fire suppression systems 13 1.5 Phase Four: Boat launch and snagging 13 Figure 6: Detection and alarm systems 14 Figure 7: Fire and gas alarm systems 16 Figure 8: High pressure mist technology 17 Figure 9: Water mist principles of operation 18 1.6 Recommendations 19 1.7 Conclusion 19 Reference list 20 Northeast Document Conservation Center, (NEDCC) 2015, An Introduction to Fire Detection, Alarm, and Automatic Fire Sprinklers, Emergency Management. https://www.nedcc.org/free-resources/preservation-leaflets/3.-emergency-management/3.2-an-introduction-to-fire-detection,-alarm,-and-automatic-fire-sprinklers 20 List of Figures Table of Contents 2 List of Figures 4 1.0 Introduction 6 1.1 Limitations 6 1.2 Phase One: Module and Hull construction 6 Figure 1: Sprinkler and foam extinguishers 8 Figure 2: Fire safety layout 8 1.3 Phase Two: Module shipping, services routing and externals construction 9 Figure 3: Water and liquid foam extinguishers 10 1.4 Phase Three: Section assembly, services connection and outfitting 10 Figure 4a: High sensitivity smoke detector 12 Figure 4b: Xgard gas sensor uses electrochemical, catalytic and infrared sensors 12 Figure 4c: Mechanical foam (AFFF) fire extinguisher 12 Figure 4d: Dry powder extinguishers 13 Figure 5: Fire suppression systems 14 1.5 Phase Four: Boat launch and snagging 14 Figure 6: Detection and alarm systems 15 Figure 7: Fire and gas alarm systems 17 Figure 8: High pressure mist technology 18 Figure 9: Water mist principles of operation 19 1.6 Recommendations 20 1.7 Conclusion 20 Reference list 21 Northeast Document Conservation Center, (NEDCC) 2015, An Introduction to Fire Detection, Alarm, and Automatic Fire Sprinklers, Emergency Management. https://www.nedcc.org/free-resources/preservation-leaflets/3.-emergency-management/3.2-an-introduction-to-fire-detection,-alarm,-and-automatic-fire-sprinklers 21 1.0 Introduction The purpose of this report is to develop a fire strategy for five build phases of new Thrifty class submarine in the UK. Based on the Regulatory Reform Order 2005 (RRFSO), fire safety in submarine defines client’s responsibilities and actions of employees to protect them against effects of fire. Submarine design and construction involves four phases; pressure hull and module construction, module shipping, section assembly and connections, boat launch and snagging, and fuel load, sea trials and handover. This preliminary outline fire strategy document provides the approach, scope of work, fire safety issues and fire prevention systems, fire systems and appropriate decisions in fire management. The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 provides for fire safety arrangements and reduction or elimination of risk with regard to the nature of activities and size of undertaking for review, monitoring, control, organization and planning and takes preventive measures. The client shall record measures where more than five people are employed, and a license is in force and alteration notice in relation to premises (RRFSO, 2005). Cost effective recommendations will be made to include features that will protect boats from scorching effects of fire. 1.1 Limitations 1. Creating more escape scuttles at each submarine deck may alter the design brief and client requirements 2. Funds are limited to procure all the needed fire fighting technologies 3. Trained firefighting personnel are incorporated into the submarine design and construction 4. Firefighting drills and evacuation dummies may interrupt the project duration and completion time 1.2 Phase One: Module and Hull construction This phase involves pressure hull and module construction built in 18 months. Module open sided exits and available and all ships systems are undertaken offline. The typical hazards are hot works while boats are dry-docked in the construction hall worked on by less than 50 people at any one time. Prevention measures: The Fire Safety Order provides that the ‘client’ prevents fire from occurrence in the first place and act to reduce or remove ignition sources, then take precautions to ensure that fire does not occur. In hot works, the client must ensure that all workers have the relevant instruction and training. Suitable provisions should be made to provide protective equipment and explosion suppression equipment. Explosion relief arrangements should be made. The number of persons of persons exposed should be reduced at a minimum of fifty. Detection and Alarm systems: Hot works in the module and hull construction involves joining metal surfaces using electric or gas flame, or built-up roofing using heat (European Guideline, 2012). Other hot works are soldering, brazing, grinding wheels and welding. An automatic fire alarm or a portable fire extinguishing equipment (43A 183C –class 12kg A-B III-E) powder or foam should be installed. They are only disconnected when smoke or heat generated from the hot work is likely to trigger any unnecessary fire alarm. After completion of hot work, the smoke detector needs to be reconnected in the earliest opportunity. Throughout the duration of work, hot work guard must be present. Sprinkler systems should not be disconnected and generation of flammable gases should be regularly monitored. Escape provisions: The module is open sided allowing only less than 50 employees to escape fire at once. Construction is still exposed and workers have wider access to escape routes on the ground and at the gallery. Construction hall has exit to the ship lift and also four ground level escape doors. In the gallery, there are two gallery access and one boat access gallery. The ground level escape route is located in the opposite walls of the hall and workers working on the 2nd and the 3rd boat can escape on these opposite ends. In case of fire, the employees can run out and meet at the fire assembly point. Asset protection measures: During hot work, flammable materials are immediately removed to prevent other parts of the deck from catching fire. Components in danger of heat transport needs to be cooled down by water permanently. Disconnect process equipment and hoses after closing the valves of gas outlets and gas cylinders used for the hot work in the first deck of the submarine. The surrounding facilities and work site should be inspected. Places of metal fastening should not become heated. Means of extinguishment: Sprinkler systems and portable powder extinguishers are used in case of fire. Source: www.firesafe.org.uk Figure 1: Sprinkler and foam extinguishers Additional measures: To avoid propagation of explosions or fires, hot air or a naked flame should not be used closer than 1.5m from the point of intersection of vertical or horizontal structures or from the opening of the ventilation equipment. Fire assembly point and regular drills need to be done. The fire assembly point should be accessible to all the employees and management based in the site office. All the external spaces should be free of equipment and spillage. The location of fire assembly point is shown in the figure below. Figure 2: Fire safety layout Needs to cover the build phase: 5 portable fire extinguishers (sprinkler and foam) 50 fire protection clothing (overall and boots), 60 goggles, Fire signage Approximate cost is £0.7million to procure these items. 1.3 Phase Two: Module shipping, services routing and externals construction This phase involves module shipping into pressure of the hull sections. Major services are routed and externals are constructed in parallel on the pressure hull sections. It will be built in 18 months by less than 50 people. All the ships systems are offline and typical hazards are hot works and dangerous substances. Boats are dry-docked in the construction hall. Prevention measures: Fire risk assessment and audits are undertaken on the building deck structural condition, physical adequacy and fire equipment and facilities. Audit will look into training requirements and fire safety management. Particular attention should be given to people at risk of dangerous substances likely to be in the premises and prevalence of hot works. Significant finding of assessment in where more than five people are employed should be availed to the ‘relevant persons’. Detection and alarm systems: Fire alarm and detection systems need to be installed. A valuable contribution to safety is by use of flammable gas detectors as trigger alarms to specified vapor or gas concentration exceeded (HSE, 2014). Two alarms can be set to trigger emergency response where a flammable atmosphere is expected. For example, the first alarm can be set at not higher than 10% of low explosion limit while the second alarm can be set at utmost 25% low explosion limit. Flame detectors are also used to naked flame should not be used closer than 1.5m from the point of intersection. Escape provisions: employees can use escape routes that are four ground doors at the hall where major bulk heads that enclose the modules. These routes allow escape of more than 50 people at once. The gallery escape route is also another route where employees can escape and quickly take the ladder downwards. Asset protection measures: Hot work emanates from welding by contractors while heat sources arise from thermal fluids and naked gas flames. Gas needs to be passed through calibration mask to avoid excessive flows that overpressures the sensors (HSE, 2014). In the submarine construction maintenance schedule, fixed gas detectors should be used. Restrictions should be placed on equipment types and workplaces vulnerable to explosions should be protected from sources of ignition. Suitable equipments should have the ‘CE’ and ‘Ex’ marking specifically for hazardous areas such as Fwd and Aft bulkheads. Readings of gas concentration should be taken in safety thus allowing for checks before entry into the construction. Means of Extinguishment: Foam extinguisher needed for liquid fires and powder for wood, paper and solid materials fires. Source: www.firesafe.org.uk Figure 3: Water and liquid foam extinguishers Additional measures to comply with RRFSO: Less dangerous or non-dangerous substances should replace the dangerous ones. Collective protective measures should be given priority as opposed to individual protective measures. Adapting to technical progress by creating one escape scuttle in the internal partitioning. Needs of the build phase: Two escape scuttles, 2 gas detectors and smoke control systems, 2 Fire fighting shafts and lifts, 3 manual self-closing devices Total cost for this phase is £0.3million. 1.4 Phase Three: Section assembly, services connection and outfitting This phase takes 6 months to be completed by 150 people spread throughout the boat. Hazards are mainly dangerous substances, hot works, and electrical faults when systems are switched on. Prevention measures: Evaluate risks which can be avoided and combat risks at the source. An overall prevention policy needs to be adopted to cover work environments, work organization and technology. Nominate and train people on equipment powder extinguishers for electric fires. Obtain external emergency contacts for their services in case of emergencies. Maintain and test emergency escape lighting (Bohlin & Olofsson, 2012). Avoid ignition sources including arc flashes and electrical discharges that result in harmful physical effects. Provide for explosion relief arrangements and suppression equipment. Incompatible dangerous substances should be segregated. Prevent formation of explosive atmosphere by providing appropriate ventilation. Maintain conditions for elimination or reduction of risk. Construction premises should have adequate ventilation and spacious enough to provide sufficient time for evacuation (HSS, 2011). The building should comply with fire standards from the UK inspectorate and building. Fire brigade personnel should be on stand-by as well as an On-site Fire Service. Detection and alarm systems: Smoke easily propagates at this level because of the modules that are shipped into the pressure hull for joining. Gaps created will have fire containment detection systems and DG AFFF systems online. These systems include smoke and fire detection based on combustible gas detection and IR and UV optical flame detection. Smoke detection involves continuous air sampling using early warning aspirating smoke detectors. In this phase, the main extinguisher is the Foam Fire Fighting Systems and dry powder. Foam extinguisher consists of Hi-Expansion and Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF). Hi-Expansion involves Alcohol Type Concentrate (ATC) foams and rehealing foams. Finally, Carbon dioxide systems (CO2) are used in low and high pressure CO2 and uses local application fire suppression and total flooding. Source: www.eurofyre.co.uk Figure 4a: High sensitivity smoke detector Source: www.offshore-technology.com Figure 4b: Xgard gas sensor uses electrochemical, catalytic and infrared sensors Source: http://www.supremexfireextinguisher.com/fireextinguisher.html Figure 4c: Mechanical foam (AFFF) fire extinguisher Foam forms aqueous film on water-insoluble hydrocarbon fuel hence causing vapor suppression of class B fires and rapid fire extinguishment. AFFF has excellent wetting and penetrating qualities when used on class A fires. Foam extinguishers will be ideal for freely burning materials like paper, lubricant and fires as well as volatile liquids. The extinguisher is BIS approved, CE certified, and is coated with high quality epoxy powder of polyester. Maintenance needs to be carried out according to IS 2190: 2010. To fight electric fires and fires related to arc flashes, the dry powder fire extinguishers are used. These extinguishers use sodium bicarbonate with special silicon. Class B and C fires are chemically insulated by this extinguisher since it forms a cloud and extinguishes fire by cutting off oxygen supply. Chain reaction of Class B fires is broken and smothered and may not be able to conduct electricity to the operator. Source: http://www.supremexfireextinguisher.com/fireextinguisher.html Figure 4d: Dry powder extinguishers Dry powder: Dry powder extinguishers are stored under pressure design and have durable high Gloss powder coating. They are dependable drawn steel cylinders and have its brass valve is a heavy duty chrome plated. Escape provisions: Conning tower and Fwd and Aft escape hatches used. Two escape scuttles allowable through internal partitioning to allow both ground level and gallery level escape. Asset protection measures: Adequate fire compartmentation is required to prevent smoke and fire from spreading to the reactor compartment, diesel tank, deck 3 of the mid module, battery compartment and the torpedo room. These will be marked as ‘high fire risk’ compartments and will be rated to SOLAS A-60. No fire should be allowed to exit or enter these compartments. Sufficient quantities and appropriate types of fire extinguishers should be installed. All installed fire equipment should be correctly maintained. Quantity of dangerous substances released should be minimized or avoided. Arrange for safe transport, storage and handling of waste and dangerous substances that can damage key assets. Additional measures to comply with RRFSO: Explosion suppressions systems should be provided. These systems will suppress fire in machinery space, control room, electrical spaces, accommodation, battery compartment and weapon stowage. Suppressions systems detect and chemically suppress explosions before they become disastrous or catastrophic. In less than 50 milliseconds, unsuppressed explosion pressures may reach dangerous levels. With suppression systems, it takes less than 30 milliseconds to suppress fire. Source: www.fire-protection.com.au Figure 5: Fire suppression systems Nozzle and container are designed to minimize flow restrictions thus minimizing pressure build up and extinguish the explosion faster. Reliability of this system is minimized since the suppression container has no wear points or immovable parts. Needs to cover the phase: 1 Suppression systems, 3 dry powder extinguishers, 2 Xgard gas sensors and high sensitivity smoke detectors 4 DG AFFF foam The approximate cost is £0.5million. This will also involve insurance of assets and facilities inside the decks. 1.5 Phase Four: Boat launch and snagging This phase takes 3 months and commits about 90 employees who are evenly spread across the boat. The typical hazards are rubbish accumulation and electrical faults as the systems are powered up. The main extinguisher is Boats are wet docked outside the construction hall. Prevention measures: Fire should be prevented from occurring in the first place then precautions are taken to people if fire were still to occur. Fire risk assessment should be done to consider the premises and neighboring property such as site offices, boat access gallery and wet dock. Personal emergency escape plans need to be recorded and assessed. General fire precautions are needed to ensure safety of employees, relevant persons not under client employ and safety of premises. Protective or preventive measures should be based on a coherent prevention policy, risk avoidance and evaluation. All the risks that cannot be avoided should be evaluated. Fire or explosion should be eliminated at source by suppressing flames from rubbish accumulation or electric faults. Detection and alarm systems: The submarine is already at advanced level of construction. The alarm systems on the boat and the alarm should be linked to automatic fire suppression systems. In this phase, automatic fire detection and alarm systems and water mist technology are used. Automatic fire detection and alarm systems need to be installed at this point. Figure 6: Detection and alarm systems In the control fire panel above, microprocessors send signals in constant interrogation over each circuit. All the sensing devices are fitted to all compartments so that they constantly inquire on the status (if emergency or normal). The system gets regular updates at every 5 to 10 seconds owing to active monitoring process that happens in rapid succession (NEDCC, 2015). The addressable system is present to monitor each circuit condition. Faults are identified where they develop. These systems quickly indicate the source of the problem instead of merely showing faults on the line. Quicker repair and return to normal is completed. By using advanced systems such as FCI 7200, maintenance of detection systems are done using software that adjusts the sensitivity of the detector and compensates for minor dust conditions (NEDCC, 2015). The debris that usually obscures the detector is avoided. Maintenance personnel are alerted by the control panel when the detector is compensated to its limit. Thermal detectors are suitable at this stage of building the third deck and bilge space. These detectors have good resistance and are highly reliable to non-hostile source operations. On the down side, until room temperatures reach substantial temperatures they do not function. Damage is growing exponentially at which point the fire is well underway (NEDCC, 2015). Subsequently, in life safety applications thermal detectors may not be permissible. Thermal detectors are suitable for wet docked boats but not recommended for use in the inner environment of the deck. High value thermal sensitive contents are recommended for locations where fire is easily identifiable before substantial occurrence of flames. Regarding smoke detector, the air aspirating system is suitable for weapons stowage and accommodation. The device is used in extremely sensitive applications, because it has two major components: a network of sampling pipes or tubes and a control unit housing the operation circuitry, an aspiration fan, and detection chamber (Hamdan, 2005). A series of ports are lined along the pipes and designed to permit air to be transported to the detector and enter the tubes. The detector constantly draws an air sample, under normal conditions, into the detection chamber through the pipe network. The sample is only returned to atmosphere after analysis of the existence of smoke is finalized. Any presence of smoke in the sample triggers an alarm signal that is transmitted to the main fire alarm control panel (Northeast Document Conservation Center, 2015). The submarine fire systems will find air aspirating detectors more useful since they are faster in responding automatic detection and are extremely sensitive. Battery rooms and weapons stowage uses the air aspirating detectors as they are aesthetically sensitive applications. Flame detectors are one of the major automatic detection methods that imitate the human sense of sight. These detectors are sight devices that operate using a combination principle of ultraviolet and infrared or independently. In the range of 4,000 to 7,700 angstroms, the radiant energy indicates a flaming condition (NEDCC, 2015). As a result, the sensing equipment sends a signal to the fire alarm panel after recognizing the fire signature. Source: http://www.consilium.se/sites/default/files/navy_b5700059_1010_1.pdf Figure 7: Fire and gas alarm systems Alarm output devices alerts that emergency is underway hence saving lives and assets. The fire alarm control panel is the basic aspect of a system and function of the alarm output. Occupants of the accommodation room and users in the control room of the submarine receive signals from components such as primary alarm output devices as well as visual and audible alerting components. The alarm sounding options are the speakers that reproduce a signal in form of a recorded voice message. It is ideal for phased evacuation such as the submarine case because it is a large, multistory structure (NEDCC, 2015). For emergency public address announcements, the speakers also offer the added flexibility. A number of flashing and strobe light devices, with respect to visual alert, require spaces with high ambient noise levels and hearing impaired occupants to preclude hearing sounding equipment. Light devices also provide emergency response notification. Moreover, some output functions like shutting off air handling fans and shutting down electrical equipment prevents smoke from migrating (NEDCC, 2015). Through piping in the alarmed area, shutting down operations is critical. Water mist fire extinguisher is the main extinguisher used in this phase to provide round the clock operation against all kinds of fire. Source: www.orrprotection.com Figure 8: High pressure mist technology In high pressure mist technology, an average drop size of 50 – 120um high pressure is used to produce a fire water mist (ORR protection systems, 2015). The fire suppression capabilities is increased by the ultra-small droplet size and at the same time reducing the amount of water needed to significantly suppress a fire. High pressure mist system is fire protection is totally safe, fast, and efficient for environment and people, as well as providing virtually cost free recharging or clean up. To combat the primary risk, it has been developed specifically for fires in control rooms, areas with sensitive electronic equipment, and telecom exchanges.  The systems not only extinguish any fire, but also reduce significantly the primary cause of damage to the submarine, a mission critical facility. Plastics use with varying degrees of fire retardancy creates the potential for very large smoke quantities and can have very damaging effects to computer or related equipment if produced in the early stages of a fire. A fast acting detection system is activated at an early stage thus scrubbing the smoke from the equipment, room or sub-floor and prevents damage to electronic circuits and costly contamination. The system provides protection even if the fire is outside the space or if there is a fire left. There is no danger to people or equipment if an accidental discharge occurs. Rather than spread around the room, dust dislodged will be absorbed unlike a gaseous system. The system will allow people to enter the space or safely evacuate without harm from the fog since it operates effectively when the doors re temporarily open. Water mist fire protection systems are well engineered high pressure equipment with superior extinguishing properties. They apply radiant heat absorption to prevent fire spreading and cooling to prevent further damage and re-ignition.  Source: www.tyco-fire.com Figure 9: Water mist principles of operation In the first 30 seconds, the sub-floor system uses a high density water fog (ORR protection systems, 2015). However, this water absorbs smoke, collects waste water in the drain pipe work and scrubs the pipe work. The fog being discharged in the sub-floor during the second phase is the same amount used in the next 10 minutes.  In the event of an accidental discharge, people are not harmed by halocarbon gases, since in the event of a fire; this system produces no dangerous decomposition products.  Meanwhile, smoke absorbing capability and scrubbing mean is reduced danger outside and within the protected space. When turning to vapor, water absorbs more heat (0.2 MJ/kg) as compared to other extinguishing agent (ORR protection systems, 2015). Water sprays systems and conventional sprinklers fight fires by cooling combustible surfaces or the inefficient process of wetting.  The combination of high velocity and the right drop size distribution ensures the rapid cooling of the fire plume and efficient penetration and elimination of adjacent gases.  Escape provisions: Conning tower and Fwd and Aft escape hatches. At this point about 90 people are inside the submarine working on the fittings and finishing. Two escape scuttles in each of the three floors are needed to evacuate the employees and occupants in the occurrence of fire. The employees then escape through the ground escape and gallery escape routes. Asset protection measures: Provide for equipment safety by using effective fire methods. Take general precautions for employee safety and equipment. Use of water mist systems discharges very little water into the compartments. Provide for proper ventilation and discharge of dangerous substances. Dangerous incompatible substances should be segregated. The client must provide for explosion relief arrangements and suppression equipment. At all circumstances, propagation of explosions or fires should be avoided. Additional measures to comply with RRFSO: Measures should be taken for firefighting in the premises and competent or competent persons should be nominated to implement fire safety in the submarine. Proper assessment of fire techniques should be adequate to save the submarine equipment and lives of occupants. Needs for this Phase: 3 Mist suppression systems, 1 scuttle openings 1 Automatic fire detection and alarm systems The approximate cost is £1.8million because water mist suppression and detection systems are expensive and saves assets, equipment and people working in the submarine. 1.6 Recommendations 1. Procure a high pressure mist technology to extinguish fire by using water in the most efficient way, and save equipment and people. 2. Provide two escape scuttles at every sub-floor for emergency escape 3. Fire assembly point to be created at a strategic location outside the construction hall 4. Fire equipments (powder, foam and water to be located at convenient points 1.7 Conclusion The submarine firefighting technology has the potential to prevent and extinguish fire at all levels of its design and construction. Approximately £4.3 million is required to purchase a variety of fire equipments and training of personnel working on the new Thrifty class submarine. In phase 1, the cost of £0.7million is needed to buy basic extinguishers and protection equipment to fight fires resulting from hot works. In the second phase, funds approximately £0.3million is needed to fight dangerous substances and hot works using foam and water extinguishers. It will also be used to produce a hole at the hull. In the third phase, it requires £1.5million to buy suppression systems, dry powder extinguishers, Xgard gas sensors, high sensitivity smoke detectors and DG AFFF foam because the hazards are electric faults, dangerous substances and hot works. In the fourth phase, work is at its advanced stages and sensitive alarm and fire detectors are needed as well as the water mist systems totaling £1.3million. These systems are sensitive to slight fire that may arise from rubbish accumulation and electric faults. Fire fighting is a critical situation in the submarine construction that must expend adequate resources and attention. 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