Construction Techniques for High Rise Construction - Report Example

Construction Techniques for High Rise Construction Student’s Name Institutional Affiliation Date Introduction The Construction of high rise building needs a broad and all-inclusive planning, construction and all other operations that may be involved in the whole process. High rise buildings involve advanced techniques of structural analysis and material technology. The super high rise techniques have moved from the old steel frame structures to the current reinforced concrete structures. According to Ching, these reinforce structures are better than the steel structures in terms of constructability and economic efficiency. This technique applies concrete with very high strength, about 80, to 130 N/mm. The technique further uses the CFT method that mixes concrete and steel columns to enhance compressive strength and achieve further economic benefits (Ching, 2011). This paper presents a discussion of high rise construction. The following are the techniques and methods used in the high rise constructions: Methods One most cost effective method in construction of the high rise buildings is connecting the approach of the construction on the basis of the design structure. This means that the kind of high rise building constructed is to clearly be described, irrespective of the construction is for commercial purposes or residential (Zinzi and Agnoli, 2012). The quality of the design is also defined by the adoption of the most appropriate equipment and material. Every construction activity requires proper equipment and material to be selected carefully so as to meet the required aspects of time and product project productivity. According to Walker, it is advisable that the project manager and the architectural engineers to be conversant with the application of equipment that are commonly applied in this constructions. The selection of appropriate equipment could be affected by the availability of the equipment, transportation cost of the equipment, job size, weather and temperature and the dumping site of the unused materials (Walker, 2015). For a stable high rise construction, certain important element must be applied to meet the quality and sustainability of the building. Emerging Technological Methods (a) Controllable Wide Wall Column (CWIWC) Method By using the CWIWC technique, tabular high rise constructions that consist of floors that are above 20 can be built. The communal housing constructed through the use of the procedure is exceedingly resistant to seismic force as the structure integrates a quake-resistant wall transpiercing from the ground floor to the top floor. This quake-resistant wall is constructed of high-strength concrete of 60N/mm2 and high-strength bars of 700N/mm2. Wide-ranging structural tests undertakne on the quake-resistant wall display very high performance against the earthquake (Mingxiang et al. 2012). (b) MiFT200  MiFT200 is a new construction methodology that has enabled construction of collective housing that extent to 200-meters or higher. Since such housings constructed with this approach have ‘Skeleton Infill’ structure, a high level of structural durability and earthquake resistance can be realized. Features of high-rise housing built with MiFT200 are an astylar living space, that is, a large space without columns (Pan and Ning, 2014). (c) HI-DOC method The DOC method was developed with an aim to shorten a construction period without interfering with the quality of work during construction. This approach has been further upgraded to the HI-DOC method. Essentially, the approach adopts a new technique for joining pre-cast columns without using scaffolds, a supply chain management system for controlling products and members delivered to a construction site by the minute as well as other features. Using the new HI-DOC method, the framework for a condominium with 23 household units on one floor can be constructed in only four days (Pan and Ning, 2014).This method can of course also be used to construct office buildings, commercial buildings, and distribution facilities etc. (d) Inverted Construction Method In this method, after the ground floor is completed, the basement can be worked on simultaneously with the first and higher floors. This approach enhances the safety working condition in the basement and also lessens the construction period. Furthermore, the number of required transport vehicles is reduced since it is not necessary to use temporary retaining materials, and the completed first floor reduces the noise of work being carried out in the basement so that disturbance in the neighborhood is minimized (Mingxiang et al. 2012). Elements of High-rise Buildings Despite the emerging technologies in high rise construction, certain factors in the construction are essential, without which, the building becomes are threat to the occupants. These are the elements of high rise construction that must be taken keen of for the required standards to be met. (a) Structural Loads High rise buildings can either comprise of primary or secondary loads. Primary loadings comprise things such as the materials for construction, occupants and their furniture, the effects of certain typical weather conditions as well as unique loading requirements experienced during construction. Secondary loads are loads as a result of temperature changes, construction eccentricities, structural materials shrinkage, foundation settlement or loads related to them (Kia & Adeli, 2014). With regards to the definition, secondary loadings may be arranged by analyzing the materials applied. Primary loads can either be dead or live loads depending on the way they act upon the structural elements. Dead loads act permanently on the structures whose largest portion is the weight of the materials such as the weight of pipes, roofing, ducts, elevators, interior partitioning walls and other construction systems within the building. The error incurred in the computation of the dead loads should only range between -5 and +5. The loads, however, vary depending on the specification of materials. Specifications of materials are usually provided by the manufacturers themselves. Live loads on the other hand are those which can change in magnitude and are consistent in nature. These include all items found in the building such as furniture, people, and computers. Sections of buildings are designed for specific purposes such as a theatre, a restaurant, an office or a residential unit. In this case, the loads of a residential are different from those of a restaurant (Kibert, 2012). A restaurant is expected to have more loads than a residential; hence, each part of the building is designed to carry the weight of the expected loads meaning that some materials of foundation can be reduced for economic reasons whenever the loads of a given section of a building weigh less. High rise buildings are usually prone to the so called lateral loads which subject the building to horizontal pressure. These may be things such as winds, earthquakes, earth pressure etc. The intensity of the lateral forces varies depending on the location, height and shape of the building and the structural material (Harris & McCaffer, 2013). High rise buildings are usually prone to the lateral forces due to their height. (b) Foundation   The foundation of a building is the structure that supports the building from the ground.  The foundation consideration of a high-rise building depends on the soil condition types for the building site. Geotechnical investigation is supposed to be carried out by soil engineers to determine the suitability of the location site. The conditions of the soils are usually poor as a result, extensive considerations have to be placed in order to guarantee a variance settlement that cannot instigate negative implications on the structure. The types and materials applied in building foundations differs depending on the circumstances of the ground, structural type and material (Ching, 2011). The basement and foundation wall of many structures act against the soil’s lateral load. The basement is however but it does not take up a significant function in supporting the mechanical loads from the tower. The existence of profound foundation is the most commendable for high rise structures. This consist of caissons piers or piles. The foundation of the pile is applied in many structures. This is, especially, when soil deliberations are provided with much consideration. The system is also used when there is need to convey loads to the strata, which is outside the applied approach of narrow foundations (Gamayunova & Vatin, 2015). (c) Structural System The high-rise building structural system is planned in such a way that it can balance both horizontal and vertical piles from the area of utilization to the grounds through the maximum effective paths and with the least effect on the purpose and economy of the other aspects of the structure. A structural engineer is supposed to consider many structural systems in order to come up with the most appropriate system to apply in his/her project. These include the rudimentary building possessions of usage, shape and height, in addition to the surrounding economic circumstances affecting the cost labor and materials (Duggan et al. 2013). It is also relevant that she/he considers of construction, design loads for the horizontal and perpendicular construction and the occupants conduct. In general, the structural systems are said to be adaptable and restrictions only result from the construction materials. In most cases, the materials used for structural systems are concrete and steel. The Staggered Truss is a basic steel building frame with a concrete floor system. In general it can be stated that the system is composed of arrangements of story-high trusses that encompass the entire width amid two rows of the external columns and those that are at the adjacent column. Frame and Shear Wall is a system that combines frames and shear walls to withstand seismic lateral and lateral wind and forces in measures of their inflexibilities. Frames are frequently instant resistants that consist beams that are usually fused to bolted solid or columns in order for the column displacement conveyed into the beams can bend. This is due to the fact that there is an inflexible linking that exists in the two components. Shear wall, on the other hand offers resilience to horizontal forces and is built using strengthened concrete or steel for high-rise structure. The frames and shear walls together act together in resistance to lateral loading (Kibert, 2012). The Framed Tube utilizes firm concrete or steel frames that have columns that are narrowly spaced with walls of shear at the middle of the central elevator. The complete frame consists of a cantilever framed tube that is secured at the ground. The efficiency of the cantilever is influenced by the reduction of a segment of the sway rebound that occurs because of the shear frame. This technique involves column spacing of 3metres - 5 meters on the outer side. The measures can be moved or linked into broader spacing, when there is need, at the subordinate storeys to can conglomerate activities at the street level (Mingxiang et al. 2012). (d) trusService Systems The current modern buildings apply amenities and service system. These amenities are part of the construction and design of the structure and their aim is to provide relaxation and security of the inhabitants of the structure. Vertical Transportation: It is a key attribute and necessity of high-rise structures. This is usually an escalator or an elevator. These installation of the system is done by contractors who deal with elevators with regards to the building codes of perpendicular transportation  The contemporary high rise structures does not require every lift to serve all the floor as this would mean a number of stops which can be very much time consuming. The zoning concept is currently applied to solve the problem of many stops by the lifts. The area in which the structure is partitioned is the zooning. This allows the lifts to be limited to serving a certain number of floors therefore reducing the amount of time taken for a lift journey (Walker, 2015). Electrical Systems: The Electrical systems of high-rise structures are supposed to be constructed in terms of the required functional requirements, life safety and standards. The role of an electrical engineer is to be in charge of developing the electrical systems. Additionally, he/she develops the power system, the telephone system and also comes up with the total expenditure for the resources to be used. Voltage of electricity differs with country and also depends with the nature of the building. Commercial structures are anticipated to consist of additional abilities to use energy as opposed to residential buildings. The system of wiring is designed according to the intended functions of the building (Gamayunova & Vatin, 2015). Air Conditioning Systems, Ventilating and Heating: This system can be described as a amenity of a high rise building. There is need for heating to take place in order to sustain the space temperatures during the winter. Additionally, during the summer there is need for control of humidity. Ventilating can be described as enough air circulation for occupants’ luxury and to substitute air exhausted from a structure. Air conditioning is described as the cooling system for a building. This system is basically 30% above the entire power intake construction. The construction and plan of the system has to deliberate on certain parameters used for construction. The constraints comprise the peripheral and inner temperature and location. On the other hand the other parameters consists of the number of stories, plenum height, ceiling height, hours of operation, occupants and the building area. The system parameters include the overall airflow and the load of heating and cooling (Duggan et al. 2013). This system is designed as it is conversant by many mechanical engineers. Conclusions Construction of high rise building is a combination of many considerations depending on the owner and designer of the building. The current technology and innovation in the construction industry had taken the construction methods to another level. The world is experiencing high technique designs of buildings. As can be evident from this document, constructions that are high rise have distinctive needs when equated to normal structures due to the issue of height which makes the buildings prone to risks brought about by different loadings such as wind and earthquake loads. The scarcity of land for construction is necessitating high rise buildings constructions together with the increasing world population. References  Ching, F. D. (2011). Building construction illustrated. 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