The Behaviour of the Materials Used in Construction in Times of Shrinking - Assignment Example

UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL LANCASHIRE SCHOOL OF FORENSIC AND INVESTIGATIVE SCIENCES FV1202 - Engineering Design Practice 2012 – 20113 ASSESSMENT BRIEF - Design Assignment Module Tutor: TRACY BRADFORD (JBF011) tebradford@uclan.ac.uk PART A – Answer all 15 questions – total marks for this section is 50%. Provide full references for all work. Failure to provided references will reduce the mark awarded. 1). There are a number of types of fire testing that are used in the modern world today. This include Restrained Beam Test –in case the beam and slab surrounding it are is subjected to a lot of heat. This helps to measure the strength of a beam to withstand fire as well as the surroundings. It determines the effect of heat to steel for the beam and the environment. The behavior of the structure is noted as well it temperature taken. Plane Frame Test – In this test columns and beams are heated to determine the impact of heat to the steel and surrounding slab (Vulcan solutions Limited, 2005) Corner Bay Test- this is where a corner steel beam is tested. In this case temperatures for the steel are increased to determine the impact on the structure. Large Compartment Test- this is where heat is subjected to width of the building including all beams and column. 2). Small scale experiments act as pilot experiments before large scale experiments are carried out. If large scale experiments are carried out without reference to the small experiments the losses in terms materials will larger. They relate to real fire situations since materials that are used are tested and have their fire resistance measured. 3). the objectives of fire safety is ensure life and property is protected from any arising fire. The tact s employed to ensure this objective is achieved include, preventing the fire from starting and communication to occupants about the fire in case it starts. The third tact is ensuring all occupants escape fire or are evacuated. The fourth tact is ensuring that fire is contained if it starts. This ensures that it does not spread to other buildings. Lastly, the fire should be put off. Fire engineering is s Engineering and scientific and engineering rules, principles and judgment on effects of fire, the reaction and behavior of people to fire, to protect people, property and the environment from the destructive effects of fire. This is is important as one is able protect life and property by assessing risks of fire and design buildings in a manner that it takes short period to escape. 4). Four parameters that are determined using the cone calorimeter include Time to ignition of the specimen Amount heat released in (MJ/m2) and heat release rate measured in kW/m2 at a given time The amount of smoke released during fire in M2 The behaviour of the materials used in construction in times of shrinking or smelling. 5). Positive Pressure Ventilation is the use of fans for forced ventilation into a building in case there is fire. This helps the escaping occupants to have a chance of seeing the escape routes or evacuators to enter into the building to assist in evacuation. It uses the existing ventilation to put in compressed air which will also reduce the amount of heat and smoke in a building or a room. 6). Flash point is the temperature at which a fuel can start evaporating into combustible gas. It shows the lowest temperature at which a fuel will start burning. If a fuel has the highest flashpoint it means it is less combustible 7). Limiting Oxygen Index test determines minimum oxygen required by fuel to ignite. In this method a substance is ignited a controlled atmosphere where oxygen is adjusted to determine the minimum amount of oxygen to just sustain burning. This method may wrong result if the substance that is being used has impurities. 8). A high LOI means high oxygen is required to burning a substance thus has decreased flammability while a low LOI means low oxygen levels are required for burning thus highly inflammable. For example a substance has 10% LOI and another 25%. It means a substance with 25% is more inflammable than a substance with 10% 9). Piloted-ignition is when fire is started by use a hot spark on a material. In this case fuel mixes with oxygen and external spark like match stick fire. Auto-ignition is where the flames start without inducement by hot spark but requires some temperature. In this case the fire is started by a chemical process which is inherent in the material and change of temperature fire will start. 10). The importance carrying out fire testing on materials is to determine the safety of those materials that will be used in construction. 11). In a compartment fire forms a “V” pattern because hot gas goes up leaving the source of fire in a small section. As the burning gas goes out it will be spread out conventionally forming a V. 12). Heat release rate is the rate at which energy is released at a specified unit time from a certain source of fire. Heat is measure and recorded using kilowatts and it is influenced by enclosure of compartment, quantity and quality of fuel. 13). Factors which will affect the development of fire growth within a compartment include; Ventilation- ventilation plays an important in determines the growth rate of fire as they supply air that is used for combustion. The size, arrangement and number of ventilations will determine how air moves in and out of the compartment. Fire loading- the type of fuel and its availability will influence fire growth in compartment. The mass of fuel and the surface holding it will influence the fire development. If the fuel is little the fire will not grow as much as it will in the case of more fuel. Changes in fire environment- if the environment changes the fire growth are affected. For example changes in humidity changes in the environment can impede movement of smoke then fire growth is affected. Cold temperatures can also result in the influence of smoke move as well wind movement in the compartment. Compartment construction: the way compartment is constructed will influence the growth of fire. This entails layout in terms of barriers to fire spread, size of building and materials used in constructions. Location of fire within the compartment is another important factor that influences fire growth. If fire is on lower floors is likely to go up using unprotected stairways while from upper floors are slow growth rate. Compartment size: Large compartments have fast fire growth due to availability of air as compared to small compartment. This means height and volume of compartment has great influence in the fire growth. 14). The range, the mean, the standard deviation and then the uncertainty in the mean and the uncertainty in the standard deviation. Test Heat Release Rate @ 25.00kW/m2 (x-43.545) (x-43.545)2 1 44.8 1.255 1.57502 2 42.15 -1.395 1.94603 3 42.97 -0.575 0.33063 4 43.6 0.055 0.00302 5 43.88 0.335 0.11223 6 44.8 1.255 1.57502 7 42.79 -0.755 0.57003 8 45.1 1.555 2.41803 9 41.62 -1.925 3.70563 10 43.74 0.195 0.03803 total 435.45 12.2737 mean 43.545 standard deviation 1.107865 Range = largest number-smallest number = 45.1-41.68 = 3.42 The mean = = = 43.545 The standard deviation= = = 1.107865 The uncertainty in the standard deviation using 95% Um = Where t is t factor s is standard deviation and N is sample size Us = =0.781 The standard uncertainty Um = Us = =0.35 15). Bang Box” experiment graph which will best show the results Table 2: Bang box data Fuel Acetone Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Test 5 Test 6 Test 7 Test 8 Number of Drops 2 6 10 12 14 16 18 20 Height attained by lid (cm) 0 20 40 80 120 150 110 90 The results shows that an increase in the number of drops the height increases until drops reach 16 which appear to optimum number of drops. After 16 drops the height starts coming down. The plotted graph pattern points on the graph slopes from lower left of the plot to upper left suggesting a positive relationship between the two variables until 16 drops when a negative relationship emerges. PART B – Answer ALL questions – total marks for this section is 50%. Use Approved Document B to answer the following questions. Reference all tables/diagrams and clauses used. Failure to provided references will reduce the mark awarded. 1). the maximum compartment size for a). A single storey shop with sprinkler protection has no limit b). A single storey industrial unit has no limit for compartment size for both sprinklered and non-sprinklered 2). The maximum size of an opening in unprotected area that can be discounted when considering space separation between buildings is 30m2 for a minimum distance of 5m. 3). In each of the following cases state whether a fire fighting shaft is recommended and if so whether or not a fire fighting lift is also required: (a). An office building with a top occupied floor of 250m2 located at 19m above fire service vehicle access level- it requires fire fighting shaft and a fire fighting lift (b). A four storey assembly building with a top storey of 1400m2 located 10m above fire service vehicle access level- fire fighting shaft is recommended since it is 7.5m above fire service vehicle access level. The fire fighting lift is not required. 4). the minimum recommended fire resistance periods for the following structures: (a). A 30m high sprinkler protected residential building- 90 minutes ( table A minimum periods of fire resistance) (b) A single storey shop with sprinkler protection- 60 minutes (table A minimum periods of fire resistance). 5). Purpose groups would be appropriate for the following premises (table D1 classification of purpose groups) a). A students union building (e.g. 53°)- assembly and recreational which is purpose group 5 b). A department store- shop and commercial which is purpose group 4 c). A factory- industrial which is group 6 . 6). According to Table 2 of ADB, what are the recommended travel distance limitations (single direction & more than one direction) for the following: (a). A normal hazard storage facility.- 25m for single direction and 45m for more than one direction (b). A place of special fire hazard- 9m for single direction and 18m for more than one direction (c ). The bedroom of an apartment- 9m for single direction and 18m for more than one direction (d). A lecture theatre with fixed seating in rows- 15m for single direction and 32m for more than one direction (e). Shop floor- 18m for single direction and 45m for more than one direction (f). Plant room that exits through the accommodation within a building- 18m for single direction and 45m for more than one direction 7). According to Table 3 of ADB, what is the recommended minimum number of escape routes from a storey with: (a). the recommended minimum number of escape routes from a storey with10 people is 1(one) escape route (b). the recommended minimum number of escape routes from a storey with100 people is 2(two) escape route ( c). the recommended minimum number of escape routes from a storey with200 people is 2(two) escape route (d). the recommended minimum number of escape routes from a storey with500 people is 2(two) escape route 8). According to Table 4 of ADB, what is the minimum exit width required to accommodate: (a). the minimum exit width required to accommodate 219 people is 850mm (b). the minimum exit width required to accommodate 61 people is 850mm (c). the minimum exit width required to accommodate 10 people is 750mm (d). the minimum exit width required to accommodate 50 people is 750mm 9). A building with four above ground floors is served by two escape stairs without lobby protection. Using Table 7 of ADB, what is the minimum width of the escape stairs if each floor accommodates (a). the minimum width of the escape stairs if each floor accommodates 75 persons is 1100mm. since the number people is 75x4 =300 people and each stair can accommodate 3400 people and the building has two but one is discounted. (b). the minimum width of the escape stairs if each floor accommodates 130 persons is 1700mm- 130x4 =520 people and each stair can accommodate 270 people and the building has two but one is discounted. 10). A building with five above ground floors is served by three escape stairs with lobby protection. Using Table 7 of ADB, what is the minimum width of the escape stairs if each floor accommodates? (a). the minimum width of the escape stairs if each floor accommodates 155 persons is 1200mm since total occupants are 155x5= 775persons and the building has three but one is discounted. (b). the minimum width of the escape stairs if each floor accommodates 230 persons is 1500mm since total occupants are 230x5= 1,150 persons and the building has three but one is discounted. 11). Assuming 100 occupants from the ground floor accommodation also exit through the ground floor of the stair enclosures for Questions 9 and 10, how wide do the final exits need to be? (i.e. a merging flow – diagram 15 and associated equation). W= ((N/2.5)+(60S))/80 Where N is number of people and S is stair width a). building with four above ground floors with 75 persons W= ((200/2.5)+(60x1.1))/80 = 1.825m b) Building with four above ground floors with 130 persons W= ((310+/2.5) +(60x1.7))/80 = 2.825m c). Building with five above ground floors with 155 persons W= ((255+/2.5) +(60x1.2))/80 = 2.175m d). Building with five above ground floors with 230 persons W= ((330+/2.5) +(60x1.5))/80 = 2.775m 12). The following are floor space factors for each area (a). An office- 6m2 per person (b). A bar- within serving area is 0.3m2 person and 1m2 per person for lounge area (c). A shop- 7m2 per person (d). A students union (e.g. 53Degrees)- 1m2 per person (Table C1 floor space factor) 13). For a square room, 40m by 40m, calculate the number of occupants using the floor space factors obtained in Question 12. In each case what is the minimum number of exits required and how wide should each exit be as a minimum. (a). An office which is 40m by 40m has 1600m2 thus the number of occupants is 267 person that is 1600/6m2 per person. This requires 2 exit routes which has 1050mm (b). A bar within serving area which is 40m by 40m has 1600m2 thus the number of occupants is 5334 person that is 1600/0.3m2 person. This requires 3 exit routes which has5mm person A bar which is 40m by 40m has 1600m2 thus the number of occupants is 1600 person that is 1600/ 1m2 per person for lounge area. This requires 3 exit routes which has 5mm person (c). A shop which is 40m by 40m has 1600m2 thus the number of occupants is 229 person that is 1600/7m2 per person. This requires 2 exit routes which has minimum width of 1050mm (d). A students union (e.g. 53Degrees) which is 40m by 40m has 1600m2 thus the number of occupants is 1600 person that is 1600/1m2 per person. This requires 3 exit routes which has 1m2 per person 5mm person. 14). What is meant by the following terms: (a). Life safety- this means ensuring occupants are protected against any harm or loss arising from fire or fire affluent in a building. (b). Property protection- ensuring property destruction is minimized in case of fire (c ). Fire resistance- this means the materials used in construction are inflammable (d). Cavity barrier- this a opening which is used a safety space between rooms or building. 15). Figure 1 and Figure 1a below represents a two storey office building, from the dimensions give an estimate for internal room sizes. The room sizes are (25m/5) x 5m = 25m2 With reference to Figures 1 and 1a determine: a). Travel distances from each room and each floor- the travel distance from each room is Rooms Travel distance 1 ground floor far from exit 18m 2 ground floor far from exit 15m 3 ground floor far from exit 12.5m 4 ground floor far from exit 7.5m 5 ground floor far from exit 2.5m 1 first floor far from protected exit 2.5m 2 first floor far from protected exit 7.5m 3 first floor far from protected exit 12.5m 4 first floor far from protected exit 7.5m 5 first floor far from protected exit 2.5m b) Occupancy load- 25mx5x2= 250m2 for ground floor and first floor each. This will have occupancy of 500/6 persons per m2 = 84 persons c) Purpose group- this purpose group 3 office d). Exit and final exit widths- exit width is 1000mm with W= ((84+/2.5) +(60x1.0))/80 = 1.17m e). Stair widths is 1000mm f). Classification of wall and ceiling linings- is class 3 References Vulcan solutions Limited, 2005. Modeling of the Cardington full-scale fire tests. 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