New Scientific Discovery - Article Example

? New scientific discovery There are a number of technologies currently providing users with high speed digital wireless communication. Examples are Bluetooth and 802.11a/g. They provide a very high speed network connection within a very small distance of approximately 10 meters. Cellular providers seek to increase speed to a long range. The ultimate goal of 4G technology is to increase wireless, long range and high speed signal transmission (Berndt, 2008). I am going to focus on the 4G technology. 4G Technology 4G which is a short form of Fourth (4th) Generation Technology, this is basically the extension of 3G technology but with more bandwidth and services offers in the 3G mobile. It is a successor to the 2G and 3G technologies. Basically, 4G technologies produce a high quality audio and video data streaming through Internet Protocol (IP). It provides broadband connection so that voice calls, media streaming and internet access will be constantly available to the user (Berndt, 2008). Different Technologies appear in many different forms but they are all moving in a similar track. 4G technology has different categories. These includes: UMTS, SDR, MIMO, OFDM, TD-SCDMA and WiMAX (802.16) or mobile structural design. The problem with the current cellular network is that they do not have the available bandwidth necessary to handle data services well because they were not original well designed for data; they are improvements on a protocol that was originally designed for voice. Thus, they do not use of the available spectrum bandwidth efficiently. Therefore there is a need for data centered protocol technology. 4G Technology provides a solution to these problems. It is used in the mobile phones with in-built higher resolution digital cameras to facilitate video blogs in the mobile industry (Berndt, 2008).. It offers high data rates with broadband. This will generate new trends in the business industry as it becomes business prospects and market opportunities for the established as well as for new telecommunication firms (Berndt, 2008). The upgrades of technology are incremental, and don’t require a complete reworking of the system. They are fairly cheap because the equipment required is already developed and in mass production in many places in the world. Types of multiplexing in 3G •FDMA -Each phone call is allocated one frequency for the entire duration of the call. •TDMA -Each phone call is allocated a spot in the frequency for a small amount of time, and "takes turns" being transmitted. •CDMA -Each phone call is uniquely encoded and transmitted across the entire spectrum, in a manner known as spread spectrum transmission Cellular Provider System Upgrades 4G technology has got numerous advantages. It is faster and more reliable than the previous technology. For example lower cost, Multi-standard wireless system, higher speed of 100 Mb/s (802.11g wireless = 54Mb/s, 3G = 2Mb/s) and Bluetooth, Wired, Wireless (802.11x). Other features include: Ad Hoc Networking, IPv6 Core. OFDM used instead of CDMA and Potentially IEEE standard 802.11n 4G mobile will be widely used both in internet access service on personal computers and in cell phone communications. It will enable the access and use of broadband connection in homes or in other areas accessible to the network. It is not therefore surprising that the companies trying 4G mobile communication to expand there coverage. Companies use 100 Mbps for mobile users and up to 1 Gbps over fixed stations Wimax Technology   WiMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access. It is one of the telecommunications technologies that offer wireless data transmission through a different form of transmission. It has got approximate speed of 72 M/s through wireless access. It is based on IEEE standard of 802.16, it usually also called as Broadband Wireless Access (Steinbock, 2005).      Wimax (802.16) is the next stage to a broadband as well as a wireless world, extending broadband wireless access to new locations and over longer distances. Wimax (802.16) technology offers greater range and bandwidth than the other available or forthcoming broadband wireless technologies such as Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) (Steinbock, 2005).   There has been a lot of excitement about Wimax (802.16) and the impact that will have on the broadband access market. The industry has responded with exceptional aggression and commitment toward taking broadband to the next level with Wimax (802.16). Wimax (802.16) is based on the typical connection to the public wireless networks through the use of a cable, optical fibre, microwave link, or any other high speed connectivity. In some cases like in mesh networks, Point-to-Multi-Point (PMP) connectivity is used as a backhaul.  OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) This technology removes the challenges of Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) transmission in the more efficient manner. It allows for transfer of more data than other forms of multiplexing like time, frequency, code. Its waveform function with larger delay spread of the NLOS background and removes the Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) complications of adaptive equalization. A comparison between an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) signal and a single carrier signal, with the information being sent in parallel for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and in series for single carrier are shown below. Simplifies the design of the transmitter & receiver and allows for use of almost the entire frequency band i.e. has no gaps to prevent interference needed. Above, binary phase shift keying (BPSK). The phase of the sin wave changes to represent a different bit. The frequencies are spaced so that the signals do not interfere with each other (no cross talk). Parallel Data Transmission. It allows for the sending of multiple signals simultaneously from the same antenna (or wire) to one device because each transmission has a different stream of bits. This means that a greater number of users that can be simultaneously supported by a radio frequency bandwidth. Although 3G networks send there data digitally over a single channel, OFDM is designed to send data over hundreds of parallel streams, thus increasing the amount of information that can be sent at a time over traditional CDMA networks. The 4G data rates vary on the basis of the number of channels that are available or being used. It detects the interference on a channel and improves data signal reception by active switching of channels to avoid interference. The quality of the transmitted signals in 4G networks are enhanced by reducing the interference through the use of smart antenna technology. The radio signal from the base station is aimed at the receiver in the terminal. When teamed up with adaptive techniques and the use of multiple antennas it can cancel out more interference (Wisely, 2009). OFDM has got high efficiency and high resilience to RF interference to RF interference and the multi-path distortion is lower. This is handy because in a standard terrestrial broadcasting situation there are high amounts of multipath-channels. The use of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) was originally proposed in 1971 by Weinstein and Ebert, which greatly reduces the implementation complexity of OFDM systems. This was further reduced by the development of the fast Fourier transform (FFT). Smart Antennas Smart antenna can send signals back in the same direction that they came from and they said to be capable of both ‘listening’ and ‘talking’ at the same time. Multiple “smart antennas” can be employed to help fine tune. This means that the antenna system cannot only hear many times louder, but can also respond more loudly and directly. The two types of antennas are Switched Be am Antennas and Adaptive Array Antennas which is the most advanced smart antenna approach to date using a variety of ne w signal processing algorithms to locate and track the user, minimize interference, and maximize intended signal reception Innovations in the mobile industry The mobile communications comprise two steps: access to the mobile network, and access to the mobile services. Traditionally, these two steps are all controlled by one operator in a closed and proprietary way. In the 4G mobile, the access to the mobile services will be evolved to an open Mobile Cloud so that it is fully open to any developers and providers (Wisely, 2009).. The mobile device system architecture will be open in order to converge multiple RTTs (radio transmission technologies) in one same device. Same as laptop computer, the future Smartphone will be based on open wireless architecture (OWA) technology which means, when you change the wireless standards, you do not need to change phone. The world is moving rapidly towards this 4G technology. In China the government has in fact targeted 4G technology in mobile industry. In European Union, evolution to 4G has been one of the critical mission strategies for almost eight years, while Japan and Korea started 4G regulations in 2002. Everyone is welcome to join forces to move this 4G technology forward for our future, for our next generation and for our societies (Wisely, 2009). Socio-Economic Impact 4G technology has socio-economic impact. It provides a more affordable communication services. It promote the social networking, invasion of privacy, security concerns and sharing of information since one device can communicate with all vs. many devices communicating with some devices. TV, internet, phone, radio, home environment sensors all reachable through one device the cell phone, Streaming HD video (Wisely, 2009). There are different companies which have adopted the use of 4G technology. These include: China Mobile, KPN, NTT DoCoMo, Orange, Intel, Motorola, Sprint Nextel, T-Mobile and Vodafone already doing research it. Much of this information is proprietary at this time REFERENCES H. Berndt, 2008. Towards 4G technologies : services with initiative, Chichester : John Wiley, cop S. G. Glisic; B. L. Veiga, 2009. MyiLibrary Advanced wireless networks : 4G technologies Publisher: Chichester, UK : Wiley, D. Wisely, 2009. IP for 4G Chichester, U.K. : J. Wiley & Sons, D. Steinbock, 2005. The mobile revolution : the making of mobile services worldwide, Sterling, VA : Kogan Page, cop London . Read More