Applied Psychological Perspectives - Essay Example

 Table of Contents Assignment 1) Formative Assessment: Peer Review Assessment 3 Critical Report on Interpersonal Communication Approach 3 Assignment 2) Summative Assessment: Assignment 8 Introduction 8 Issues in Educational Context 9 Resolution of Issues 11 Conclusion 16 References 17 Bibliography 22 Assignment 1) Formative Assessment: Peer Review Assessment Critical Report on Interpersonal Communication Approach Interpersonal communication is one of the prime requisites to develop ones career that is irrelevant to the field an individual wants to prosper. In the current environment of the high level of globalisation and the significant reform in the technology has immensely led the people to be highly interconnected with their respective cultures, which in turn develop their interpersonal communication at large. Moreover the high level of influence of the media, technology as well as the internet usage among the people has also immensely develop the requirement of high level of intercultural communication amid the individual and the groups within which they belong (Silva & et. al., 2012). In this regard, interpersonal communication is the process through which individual exchanges their information, feelings and beliefs in the form of verbal as well as non-verbal means (Krauss & Fussell, n.d.). In the context of organisation, interpersonal communication plays an integral role in sending and receiving meaningful information as well as maintaining workflow. Moreover, the interpersonal communication in the organization is considerable important to form high level of coordination among the co-workers, superior and subordinates of different cultural groups (Wood, 2010). Contextually, it can be affirmed that some employees develop the feel of trepidation regarding the different forms of assessments, which significantly increases day by day. Many employees develop a certain amount of fear that people are staring at them and are less open to the level of criticism they are probable to face at their work at any point of time. Apparently, various assessments conducted help in assisting individuals according to their area of struggle providing regular feedbacks. These strategies enhance their ability to develop their communication skills and even enhance capabilities to express at the different stages of their work environment. Furthermore, this even helps the employees to meet with the requirements of their high level of anxiety or discomfort that they face during communication or developing interpersonal conversation among peers (Omorogiuwa, 2010). The observation of developing the interpersonal communication significantly assists and individual to outline their strength and weakness. Developing the context of interpersonal communication will significantly allow effective communication amid individuals even when they belong from different cultural or ethnic background. Correspondingly, this was even noted that they even face this dilemma as they have doubt in the piece of work that they have performed. The medium of feedback mechanism enabled peers to develop interpersonal communication skills and further enhanced their ability to interact among themselves (Omorogiuwa, 2010). Moreover, interpersonal communication involves series of process that start with getting the idea that needs to be shared by the sender until the end feedback of the receiver. The process of the interpersonal communication depicted below: Process of Interpersonal Communication Source: (Pathway of Higher Education, n.d.) The process of interpersonal communication starts when the idea generates in an individual mind that needs to be shared. Thus, the process of communication starts with sender who wanted to share the information to other. Generally, a sender conveys his/ her information or idea in the form of message to the receiver. Moreover, after perceiving the idea senders need to encode the idea. Encoding is the process through which the general idea is transformed in a meaningful manner. After encoding the idea into the message sender needs to select the appropriate medium through which the information is transmitted to others. Moreover, decoding process includes the procedure through which the message, the recipient, and sender are been aligned in a comprehensive manner so they the receiver receives the message as sender has expected (SAGE Publications, 2015). Correspondingly, once the entire message is decoded in a meaningful manner the receiver will receive the message using the medium of transmission. After receiving the message, the feedback process of communication initiates. Besides, the feedback is highly dependent on the level of understanding receiver and effectiveness of the manner in which the sender has followed the communication process. Nevertheless, once the receiver decodes the message in a meaningful manner the communication process again needs to be followed in the way of feedback (SAGE Publications, 2015). However, it can be revealed that communicating about each other’s piece of work has been an effective exercise in developing individual ability to communicate effectively. Notably, the important information that has been acquired during the time of communication has enhanced the ability to build effective strategies in order to improve the issues related with developing better learning behaviour. In the context of the classroom environment while providing effective training, this information is used as an effective mechanism for understanding the individual needs of employees and adjust training pattern in accordance to their learning needs (OECD, 2005). Correspondingly, the interpersonal communication further develops employee’s ability to control their level of anxiety while communicating among themselves. Instead, it will be serving as a mechanism to provide significant assistance by pinpointing ones strengths and weakness. Moreover, the assessment will provide opportunity to colleagues to encourage the learning behaviour among the peers in the form of two-way communications. The enhanced level of communication among the individuals will help in considering their struggling areas and address these issues corporately. Correspondingly, the assessment based on enhancing the level of communication is considered as an effective tool to be utilised by subordinates to raise their attainment as well as equity in the outcomes and will positivity enhance their ability towards effective learning (Brookhart, 2010). Notably, through building strong interpersonal communication amid peers, development of attentiveness and retention towards their learning approaches improves, which further enhances the quality of work. Similarly, in the context of an organisation, the authority will be able to use information to identify strength as well as weakness that an employee needs to consider for development (Brookhart, 2010). They possess the qualities of being hardworking and efficient in narrating their piece of work, in a very forceful and emotional way than the others. In the likely manner, the high level of social awareness also term to be effective strength to tune others to been highly involved into the discussion. Besides, regularly questioning during the communication process is been also identified as the major strength during the review, as it demonstrates high level of others interest over the respective topic (Brookhart, 2010). The characteristic traits inherent in the people also majorly reflected towards improving the mode of communication and practice of removing the wariness. This will further enhance interpersonal communicating abilities and even prevent from remaining quiet while interacting with the people or working within a group. Moreover, the development of high level of understanding in drawing appropriate conclusion regarding the subject matter is a crucial constituent. Thus, by rectifying the possible mistakes, one can significantly develop a better approach towards mitigating their possible drawbacks (Brookhart, 2010). Correspondingly, in the context of organisational communication, interpersonal communication is a process through which the employees’ exchanges the message among themselves. The four key principles that guides the process of interpersonal communication is that ‘Interpersonal communication is inescapable’, ‘Interpersonal communication is irreversible’ ‘Interpersonal communication is complicated’ and ‘Interpersonal communication is contextual’ (King, 2000). The principle ‘interpersonal communication is inescapable’ affirms that the process of not communicating is itself regarded as communication even though when it is conducted in the form of gesture, facial expression among others. Thus, the process of communication is inescapable, as we need to communicate constantly among each other in the form of verbal and non-verbal communication (King, 2000). Similarly, interpersonal communication is irreversible this reflects that sometimes the information being communicated once cannot be reversed and the effect of it remains. Moreover, due to involvement of extremely complex variables in the process of interpersonal communication the process of interpersonal communication is regarded to be complicated. The principle of interpersonal communication contextually affirmed that the communication does not follow in isolation because communication generally taken place within psychological, relational, situational, cultural and environmental context (King, 2000). Besides, the employees’ skills assessed through the various practices will help in adhering better interpersonal communication based on the peer-assessment and self-assessment in order to develop effective strategies for learning. Furthermore, this is also going to display an in-depth strengths and weaknesses in an informed manner. In this regards, employers can significantly ask the employees to carry out the two-way feedback assortment. Assignment 2) Summative Assessment: Assignment Introduction The approach of psychological perspective involves the assumptions regarding the individual’s behaviour in the manner they interact and belief. In this context various different theories has been proposed in recognising the psychological aspects individual. Besides, in the context of educational environment success of student in learning is highly dependent on their engagement with various aspects of learning aligned with educational system. Additionally, teacher’s employs various strategies in accomplishing and encouraging the learning approach in students through forming proper communication by acquainting them with their strengths and weaknesses (Harlen, 2007). Moreover, in the context of learning environment relationship is developed among the students and teachers, so that students are able to perform with their utmost efficiency in order to obtain better learning behaviour. Besides, the psychology of the students differs among each other based on their learning needs and motivation thus, the psychological principle helps in understanding the thoughts and behaviour of students in a particular environment. The prior reason behind inducement of this approach in the students learning is that it will provide significant opportunity to the teachers to assess what students know and what they need to know periodically (Solomon & Theiss, 2013). The psychological approach enables to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the students to engage in better learning situations through forming direct interaction among the other group members. On the other hand, the teachers provide the opportunity to the students to assess their progress through which, students can demonstrate their key skills (Orlich & et. al., 2009). On the other hand, in the context of educational environment, proper understanding of different psychology perspectives helps to comprehend the basic nature of students and along with their choices and preference. Thus, proper understanding psychological aspects of the students enables to follow of effective information to take any instructional adjustments or involvements in the process of learning pattern (Crown, 2012). Issues in Educational Context In the context of educational setting, it has been quite apparent in most of the scenario that performance of student is directly correlated with their self-esteems (Elizondo-Montemayor, 2004). Thus, the poor performance reduces the level of self–esteem of the students and it reduces the level of motivation towards putting their additional effort for the future succession (Elizondo-Montemayor, 2004; Knight, 2002). Moreover, the key significant issue that arises in the educational context is related to interpersonal communication related to formation of appropriate relationship with the peer group members. Likewise, matching the approach of group and team communication pattern of the group member is also been difficult task for the students. Similarly, developing skilled of communication, competence and interpersonal skill also been the important factors that students needs to develop in order to form effective learning behaviour (Erozkan, 2013; Miller, n.d.). Notably, the major issues arise related to the behaviour of students is highly complex achievement specifically with the different level of understanding of individual. Correspondingly, at various instances it has been reflected that the major issues related to distorted with the curriculum has been traditionally followed in the sector of education and learning. Likewise, the process of development of students prospective is involvement of the teachers and other educational authority, which will have direct impact over the improvement of students learning approach (Looney, 2011). According to Harlen & Crick (2002), the high-standards tests that are prevalent within the approach of education, fails to mark any positive impact over teaching or learning pattern in the context of classroom learning. Moreover, the approach fails to create or develop the motivation in unmotivated students and has huge chances of creating high level of dropouts in the schools with the frustration of failure. In order to cover the curriculum, teacher induces themselves in the behaviour of applying different learning and communication styles without proper collaborative learning with the students. However, in most of practices that follows the approach of developing the interpersonal assessment does not follow or fails to ensure proper balance between the expectation significantly made by teachers and the capabilities of the students accordingly (O’Farrell, n.d.). Similarly, the additional pressure on the teacher induces them to follow the approach of in communication style of learning pattern, which could be highly disadvantageous for the students (West & Turner, 2010). Nevertheless, through demining the psychological prospects of the students to assess their development in the student’s helps in integrating high performance orientation and fails to emphasize over the shared learning pattern or feedbacks for necessary improvement. Additionally, the failure to provide proper strategies that encourages self-regulatory approach amid the students and obstructs them from creating positive learning behaviour. In certain scenario, without having the proper prospect of the students regarding their behaviour will like to de-motivate the students as well as the teachers, as they determine the behaviour of students based on their grades and performances in examinations (Black & et. al., 2010; Rust, n.d.). Resolution of Issues On the basis of the above discussion, it can be pointed out various negative impacts or issues that may arise while developing proper learning approach. In this regard, through building the group effort mechanism in the classroom learning will significantly encourage the students to remove differences and remain focused towards their achievement. Moreover, by having higher level of focus towards behaviour rather than attitude of the students will encourage them to form proper communication among themselves (Arnold & Yeomans, 2005). Behaviourist, psychodynamic, humanism, cognitive and biological psychology are the five key psychological approaches that will significantly assist in determining the psychology of students (McLeod, 2007). In this regard, the behaviourist perspective of psychology enables to understand the behaviour of others through controlling the environment about what they have learned from the same. Moreover, behaviourist approach in the learning proposed two main processes whereby the students are able to learn through their environment that include classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Through the approach of classical conditioning, students are influenced with learning by association whereas on the other hand, operant conditioning enables them to learn from the behavioural consequences. Moreover, according to the approach of psychodynamic perspective approach individual childhood behaviour will have significant impact over their adult behaviour. Thus, the prospective of individual’s behaviour is considerable important (McLeod, 2007). Correspondingly, through applying the approach of humanism psychological approach the overall human behaviour can be observer related to their inner feelings as well as their self-image. Considering the biological psychology, the genes affects over the behaviour of the individual. Likewise, the cognitive psychological approach in the learning behaviour assists in deriving the mental act through which they acquire knowledge through considering their memory, attention and perception among other. Thus, the approach of the different psychological perspectives helps to understand various psychological needs of the students regarding the types of their behaviour and their perception (McLeod, 2007). Thus, in this regard, is also necessary that teachers should involve themselves with the students to improve their communication skills through recognizing their strengths and weaknesses. In this context, in order to overcome from the interpersonal communication awkwardness it is important that educational environment should encourage the students to become more sensitive towards eradicating the communication gap and differences. In this regard, using the applied psychological theory concepts in the motivation or learning behaviour could prove to be effective medium to resolve the issues faced in interpersonal communication. Psychological attachment is referred as inherent relationship among the various individual brought up within the same environment in order to work efficiently with utmost efficiency and mutual benefits (Arnold & Yeomans, 2005; Jarvis, 2005). The approach of psychological principles assists to have good understanding regarding the thoughts and behaviour of individuals. There are several references of classical and modern scenarios, based on which various psychological theories that were proposed to interpret behaviour of individuals (Buckler & Castle, 2014). Applying the approach of psychological behaviour helps to motivate and develop sound communication among individuals for efficient influence in their behaviour (Long & et. al., 2010). In this regard, the approach of cognitive psychological theory of motivation could be effectively incorporated to resolve the issues. Besides, it will encourage the student to build higher level of trust between other students. Additionally, cognitive theories of motivation are effective in producing valuable learning behaviour in students and highly beneficial in understanding as well as changing the teachers and students interaction patterns in the classroom environment (Tollefson, 2000). Moreover, it will allow teachers to examine their own behaviour and appraise the reason for student’s success and failure in any task they assign. Besides, this assessment will significantly assist them to make necessary adjustment in the respective tasks they assign to the students, build superior learning environment for the successful assessment planning. Likewise, the approach will also provide opportunity to the teacher to work efficiently with the school authorities and encourage students to expand their effort over the school works. Cognitive theories approach will also lead teachers to encourage the students to evaluate their success and failures. Finally, cognitive theory concept allows teachers to encourage the students to develop their learning behaviour rather than their performance goals (Tollefson, 2000). In this regard, the proper communication management among the students will be and effective procedure that will significantly assist in enhancing communication by effective selection of mode of communication. Likewise, the approach will assist in establishing better network to satisfy mutual understanding among the students. Similarly, in the context of another psychological theory i.e. goal setting theory developed by Locke and Latham affirmed that individual should have determined goal and objectives, which triggers their behaviour towards the particular action. Theory advocates that goal is such task for which an individual consciously desires to attain. Thus, in this regard, teacher should promote to generate and develop positive goals in students rather than developing fear of performance oriented goal. Moreover, through shared goal knowledge by disclosing background information that is required by the students to form mutual understanding and negotiation. Moreover, approach of teachers towards the students should be majorly inclined towards encouraging self-regulated learning through making proper collaboration and communication with and among the student. Furthermore, in this regard teacher should enable the students regarding the importance of assessment and develop an alignment of this goal with the respective goals of students. This is likely to create such an environment that will ensure consistency and equilibrium between the expectation of the teacher and capabilities of the students (Ozturk, 2012). In the context of another traditional psychological theory, the theory of reinforcement stated that several consequences increases the probability of repetition of behaviours would be acting as a positive reinforcement or reward. On the other hand, negative reinforcement will de-motivate the student’s behaviour towards the negative activities (Adam, 2000). The approach of creating the adjustment and flexibility in the student’s behaviour using language as per the proficiency level of the students and developing attention towards differences of communication style of the students. Likewise, students should be motivated towards learning to remove intercultural conflicts. Additionally, through highlighting the different information, understanding and providing clarification help in mitigating communication gaps among the students (Daniels & Edwards, 2004). Paying higher level of consideration in certain factors include respectful towards others students, adjusting communication through make necessary adjustment in the listening, introducing opinion, respectfulness of hierarchy and majority and paying more attention other behaviour will significantly aid in minimizing interpersonal differences. Besides, the higher motivation to the student will significantly allow students to develop their self-assessment skills in the school environment and significantly promote in developing the approach of interpersonal communication among other students. Subsequently, in this regard psychological perspective is considered to be of utmost importance for students to perform their operations based on the desired manner in order to develop efficient learning environment (Daniels & Edwards, 2004; Adam, 2000). Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be comprehended that psychological perspectives is an important approach of appraising the student’s behaviour based on their learning outcome as well as educational programs that are undertaken to mitigate their key challenges. This further develops strategies to evaluate effectiveness of the applied programs on students by assessing their individual behaviour. Besides, it can be ascertained that with alignment to the discussion by implementing different approach of assessments to measure the progress in the student’s interpersonal communication faces significant issues in terms of developing criteria based on which assessment will be conducted. Nevertheless, the application of the different theories on the psychological approaches will significantly assist in resolving the various education issues. Hence, the psychological approach will significantly help in promoting orientation towards the learning goal among students. References Adam, M. A., 2000. Reinforcement Theory and Behaviour Analysis. University of Nevada, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 3-6. Arnold, C. & Yeomans, J., 2005. Psychology for Teaching Assistants. Trentham. Brookhart, S. M., 2010. Formative Assessment Strategies for Every Classroom: An ASCD Action Tool. ASCD. Buckler, S. & Castle, P., 2014. Psychology for Trainers. Sage Publications, Ltd. Black, P. & et. al., 2010. 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