Water Provision in the Developing World - Essay Example

? Module Module Assessment Assignment ID Introduction The world is facing severe water crisis and the developing world is suffering an acute shortage of fresh water supply even today. Water is required for a number of daily activities besides drinking and shortage of water can ultimately lead to food scarcity in certain populous countries of the developing world. The population explosion and lack of planning in the developing world is among the core causes of this rampant situation. According to UN Water, some 1.3 million people are without the access to clean water and certain regions of the world face a threat of water wars. Water scarcity is most pronounced in North America, Middle East and South Asia. India and Pakistan in South Asia have already fought a war over water supply issues. The cost of drinking water is more than that of gasoline in some of the Middle Eastern countries. This overview of the situation shows that water scarcity is perhaps the most important issue faced by the planet (UN Water). 2. Water Crisis in the World The freshwater is present mostly in the form of ground water aquifers. The water in streams and rivers forms a lesser portion of the available water resources. Almost 11 trillion cubic meters of freshwater is available in the world for drinking and other uses, however this enormous supply of water is not uniformly distributed across the planet. Moreover the availability of water also varies across the different seasons of the year. Some of the regions in the world receive as low as 500 cubic meters of water per capita per annum of water supply and are labeled as water stressed. Water usage patterns are also different in developing and developed countries with the former using 90% of its water for agricultural purposes. Since agriculture provides food security as well as foreign exchange to the developing countries, therefore adequate water supply is an issue of paramount significance in these countries. However the situation in developing countries is most alarming. The water usage per person has also doubled over the last century and the population has also increased. Figure 1 shows water scarcity across the globe (United Nations). 3. Water Supply Options in South Asia South Asian countries particularly India and Pakistan are facing acute water crisis mainly because of the wild population explosion in both countries and lack of planning. Agriculture provides the base for the economy of both countries and therefore solving water scarcity is a matter of immense importance. The two countries have also fought wars over water disputes and therefore improvement in water supply can also ensure peace in the region. The financial hubs of the two countries Mumbai and Karachi, the two financial hubs in the region are among the top 5 cities of the world with respect to population; both these cities face severe water shortages (Bansil, 2004). Moreover agricultural areas in the region also lack proper irrigation and water supply systems. Thus a multi-dimensional approach for water supply has to be adopted in this region (Pareira, Cordery & Iocavides, 2009). 3.1 Water Recycling Recycled water also known as reclaimed water is the sewage waer which is filtered and treated employing a number of chemical and mechanical methods in order to make is suitable for reuse. Recycled water can be reused for irrigation purposes and also for recharging the ground aquifers (National Research Council, 2005). The cost of recycling is comparatively high, however it can provide sufficient amount of additional water for agriculture sector in South Asia which accounts for almost 90% of the water used. Moreover the underground water is being pumped at an alarming rate in South Asia, recycled water can restore the lost level of water (Escobar & Schafer, 2010). 3.2 Desalination Since Mumbai and Karachi are the most populous cities in South Asia they account for a large portion of the water used in the region. Fortunately both these cities are located near the sea which makes desalination a very feasible option for water supply. Since desalination is not being carried out currently in the region, this will not cause any disturbance in the salinity of the seashores. The cost of desalination is also decreasing becaue a lot of money is being spent on research and development of desalination techniques. Moreover currently drinking water is being transported from far off areas in these cities, which is also very costly thus replacing it with desalination will not alter the cost to a large extent (Urboniene, 2010). 3.3 Water Conservation and Planning Water usage habits in South Asia are also responsible for the water crisis in the region. The modern irrigation techniques like sprinkle irrigation and drip irrigation are hardly to be seen in the local farmlands (Azhar, Ashraff & Ahmed, 2011). Moreover the daily water use practices also need improvement because a large majority of population is uneducated and does not know about the benefits of frugal use of water. A public awareness campaign coupled with technical and financial assistance for farmers for employing the most modern methods of irrigation can remarkably reduce the water consumption (Laycock, 2007). 3.4 Water from Non Renewable Aquifers Pumping water from non renewable aquifers confined in deep rocks can be an alternative source of water. But boring to such depths is very expensive; moreover the disturbances in aquifer pressures can seriously alter geology of the region which can cause a number of issues related to the soil stability and freshwater balance (Peterson, Sack & Gabler, 2011). 4. Conclusion and Recommendations Water scarcity in South Asia is a multi-dimensional issue and therefore a multi-dimensional solution which is a combination of two or more of the proposed methods will be most feasible for this scenario. There is a dire need to improve the water consumption habits of the people of the region therefore adopting the water conservation strategy is perhaps most important. Moreover since the cost of desalination is becoming low with the introduction of salt concentration based techniques, desalination should also be adopted in the densely populated ports of South Asia. Recycling at small scale should be adopted in areas where the logistic costs of transporting water are already very high. Word Count: 1001 References Azhar, A., Ashraf, M. & Ahmed, M. (2011) Modern Irrigation Techniques and Technologies, VDM Publishing. Bansil, P. (2004) Water Management in India, Concept Publising Company. Escobar, I. & Schafer, A. (2010) Sustainable Water for Future: water recycling versus desalination, Elsevier. Laycock, A. (2007) Irrigation Systems: Design Planning and Construction, CABI. McCulloh, W. (2010) Conservation of Water, Bibliobazar. National Research Council (2005) Water Conservation, Reuse and Recycling, National Academies Press. Pareira, L., Cordery, I & Iocavides, I. (2009) Coping with Water Scarcity: Addressing the Challenges, Springer. Peterson, J., Sack, D. & Gabler, R. (2011) Physical Geography, Cengage Learning. United Nations (2009) Role of Desalination in Addressing Water Scarcity, United Nations. UN Water (2012) United Nations World Water Development Report, Routledge. Urboniene, I. (2010) Desalination: Methods Cost and Technology, Nova Science Publishers Incorporated. Read More