Existing Study of Standards of Compatibility of Electric and Hybrid Electric Cars - Literature review Example

Investigate Existing Study of Standards of Compatibility of Electric Cars/Hybrid Electric Cars Table of Contents Literature Review 3 Overview of Electric Cars or Hybrid Electric Cars 3 Standards of Compatibility of Electric Cars or Hybrid Electric Cars 4 Impact of Electric Cars or Hybrid Electric Cars 6 References 8 Literature Review Overview of Electric Cars or Hybrid Electric Cars According to Plotkin & et. al. (2001), hybrid electric cars are the automobiles, which combine with the electric drive along with electric motor as well as electric storage. The combination of the aforementioned elements ensure in increasing the efficiency of the cars. In addition, the development of the electric cars is identified to be depicting concerns to the eco-friendly aspect. The drivetrain of Hybrid assists in protecting energy with the use of electric motor and battery. Electric cars or hybrid electric cars achieve the biggest percentage improvement in terms of fuel consumption. A hybrid electric car is a type of electric car, which engages with more than one power generation. The vehicles or cars having two complementary drive systems are recognised as the hybrid electric cars. The authors also addressed that hybrid cars implement several strategies to control the uses of electric motor, battery and engine. This type of cars characterizes an alignment of the conventional vehicle and the electric cars. It combines the electric drivetrain along with battery, energy storage and sources of refuel able power such as diesel engine for the effectiveness of the car. The source of refuel able power is determined as the on-board power unit and it can renew the storage. In addition, the authors noted that the international market of electric cars or hybrid electric cars has extended to a large extent due to the several factors that include fuel efficiency and eco-friendly . The hybrid electric cars or electric cars are more efficient, smaller as well as lighter (Plotkin & et. al., 2001). Subsequently, Khan & Kar (2009) stated that hybrid electric vehicles are developed to reduce the disadvantages of gasoline as well as mechanical drivetrain. For instance, Honda civic car is a mild hybrid car with 12kW motor. The goal of the hybrid electric car is to develop the weak gasoline engines. The authors also addressed some factors that affect consumers’ acceptance to hybrid electric cars. Several factors are the limitations of finance, technological challenges, and inadequate information of customers. Due to the low sale of hybrid vehicle, the cost of this car is high. The high cost of the car creates problem of low demand. Not every hybrid car provides the fuel economy. The consumers do not have adequate knowledge about the technology of the hybrid electric car and therefore, they face the problem of maintenance of the car. In this context, consumers should have accurate knowledge related to the maintenance of the hybrid electric car. According to the authors, other factor is challenges of technology. Hybrid vehicle have various challenges to overwhelm in the design and the control of the electric drivetrain to improve the performance of driving and advancement in technology of battery for longer life. The weight of the car should be lighter and the power density should be higher as well as the spaciousness also should be improved to satisfy the expectation of the customers. Advanced engine and technology has aided in enhancing fuel efficiency of the vehicles (Khan & Kar, 2009). Standards of Compatibility of Electric Cars or Hybrid Electric Cars As noted by Kim & et. al. (2015), eco-friendly market of car involves in ‘hybrid electric cars’, ‘electric cars’ and ‘plug in electric cars’, which are expected to be extended in the market locally as well as abroad. Electric vehicles are also recognized as Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEV). The standards of compatibility as well as components of these cars have developed. Electric cars are the type of cars, which are needed to be recharged after use. Therefore, electric cars can be evaluated on the basis of two methods that include driving mode and Rechargeable Energy Storage System (RESS). In driving mode, there is no charging on the power grid and on the other hand, in RESS, charging mode is joined to the power grid. In the present day context, several kinds of electric as well as electronic devices have been installed in the vehicles. The Electromagnetic compatibility is one of the methods for test to enhance the safety of these electric as well as electronic devices. An electronic system in cars is able to operate compatibility with other electronic systems, but dos not generate the interference with other systems, which is considered as the electromagnetic compatibility. According to the study of Kim & et. al. (2015), electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles use high-power electrical engines that generate high level and low frequency Electromagnetic Interference (EMI). To manage the new EMI source, the standards as well as the test setup should be updated (Kim & et. al., 2015). Based on the study of Visvikis & et. al. (2010), it has been noted that the requirements of fuel tank are inappropriate for the electric vehicles, as they do not use any liquid fuel owing to which fuel tank is not installed in electric cars. The requirements of legislative are compatible with the hybrid electric cars or vehicles. Hybrid electric vehicles present a new hazard for high voltage of components, which can generate adequate energy to produce spark. The hybrid electric vehicles are only fixed with the fuel tanks, which are conventional and must meet the directive or the regulation requirements. Additionally, the authors noted that the current practice for the measurement of electromagnetic emission as well as immunity is identified to be advanced as compared to the internal burning engine. The drive system of electric vehicles is different from the components of electrical systems of the conventional vehicles. The power required through the electric drive is higher than the power demand of the electrical systems of conventional vehicle. The major source of electromagnetic interference drive system is the power electric system. Hybrid electric and electric cars or vehicles are the vehicles that need several types of symbols for the controllable uses. In addition, with the development of the electric cars, the number of charging stations has increased to a large extent. The users of electric cars are also offered with different compatibility operations relating to charging at workplace, home along with public destinations. The manufacturers of electric cars are also identified to be providing different plugs as well as connectors for the convenience of consumers. Moreover, the users are also provided with inductive charging facilities. There are no certain provisions for the electric vehicles in the forward and the side effect legislation. The procedures of the test can be performed with any vehicles. New specification is required for the planning of the electric vehicles (Visvikis & et. al., 2010). Impact of Electric Cars or Hybrid Electric Cars According to Denholm & Short (2006), the significant value of the hybrid vehicles is to provide short-term auxiliary service. These types of cars are light in weight, which is one of the advantages of electric cars. The cars are also recognized to be effective as well as efficient. It increases the demand of electric power. Other impact of hybrid electric cars is the efficient load capacity. This type of car is required charging at the time of driving and therefore, it reduces fuel consumption. The production cost has changed in electric vehicles due to the changes in the technical mechanism of the cars. The production is the total operating cost, which is required for generating electric power or the electricity. The infrastructure of electricity has the possible power to deliver the driving energy to the electric vehicles. The electric vehicles should be charged with the use of low-cost-coal and natural gas technologies. By delivering the auxiliary services, it develops the efficiency of the system and the reliability. In future, it can increase the financial benefits, for both customers and companies in terms of environment consciousness and fuel efficiency. Hybrid electric vehicles reduce emission from the combustion of gasoline (Denholm & Short, 2006). In this context, Duvall (2002) noted that hybrid electric vehicles or cars are associated with lower energy cost as well as maintenance cost. Several control strategies that are used in hybrid electric vehicle are for reducing the use of fuel energy. The battery in this type of vehicles should be replaced during the minor lifetime. The engine emits heat and accordingly, the consumers should have the knowledge of the uses of battery of this car or the timing of changing the battery otherwise, customers cannot maintain the cars properly. Due to the high cost, there is a low demand of these cars, but the cars are effective as well as attractive. Hybrid electric cars are produced through the uses of advanced technologies. The price of fuel has a significant effect on the potentiality of the car market. The time of charging rest on the size of the battery, as battery is the major part of this type of car. This type of car also reduces the emission of the greenhouse gases and enhancing the electric systems through delivering the electric grid power. According to Duvall (2002), the hybrid electric cars or the electric cars help to reduce air pollution in the local area and other adverse environment related aspects. This type of car has the power as well as the speed owing to which the cars are used for various purpose that include personal use and race among others (Duvall, 2002). References Denholm, P. & Short, W., 2006. An Evaluation of Utility System Impacts and Benefits of Optimally Dispatched Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, pp. 1-30. Duvall, M., 2002. Comparing the Benefits and the Impacts of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Option for Compact Sedan and Sport Utility Vehicles. Electric Power Research Institute, pp. 1-86. Kim, B. S. & et. al., 2015. A Study of Electro-Magnetic Compatibility about Electric Vehicle’s Charging Mode. Korea Automobile Testing and Research Institute, pp. 1-9. Khan, M. & Kar, C. N., 2009. Hybrid Electric Vehicles for Sustainable Transportation: A Canadian Perspective. World Electric Vehicle Journal, Vol. 3, pp. 1-11. Plotkin, S. & et. al., 2001. Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technology Assessment: Methodology, Analytical Issues, and Interim Results. United States Department of Energy, pp. 1-109. Visvikis, C. & et. al., 2010. Electric Vehicles: Review of Type-Approval Legislation and Potential Risks. Transport Research Laboratory, pp. 1-71. Read More