Analysis of the 6 Categories of Leukocytes - Essay Example

?BIOL 301, Spring Answer Sheet Dr. ChituaOkoh QUIZ 2 _____________________ ID:___________ Instructions: Please complete this exam on the answer sheet provided, alphabet answers only for the objective questions. Submit your completed exam into your Assignment Folder by 11:59 p.m. Sunday February 24, 2013. Use whatever format that works for you: plain text, TFE, attachment, etc. (Any hand written answers will be penalized !!) Please do not upload your answers. Word documents are acceptable by the system, uploaded documents can not be graded automatically and thus create major problems. Save the attachment (.doc) or copy and paste the quiz and the answer sheet to your word processor. Enter your answers directly into your word processor version. When you have finished entering your answers, save your answers to your computer (always keep a copy of your work).  To submit your quiz, please go to your Assignments Folder and click on the tab for QUIZ 2. Copy and paste your quiz answers into the text box and click on "Submit For Grading." (Attachments are acceptable but try copying and pasting first, let attachments be your last resort). Using the Rich Text Editor (RTE) will help preserve the formatting of your answer sheet; consult the Help Desk if you need help with installing or using the RTE. (In the upper right-hand corner of your screen, see Options, then Account Preferences to enable the RTE.) If you have any questions please contact WebTycho support line! Q. 1 – 30: Objective-Type Questions (2 points per question) Please use alphabet answers where applicable. 1. C 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. D 6. C 7. D 8. D 9. A 10. D 11. D 12. D 13. B 14. E 15. D 16. C 17. B 18. B 19. C 20. A 21. FALSE 22. TRUE 23. FALSE 24. FALSE 25. FALSE 26. TRUE 27. TRUE 28. TRUE 29. FALSE 30 TRUE Essay Questions (10 points each). Choose and answer only four (4) essay questions. If you answer more than four, only the first four will be graded. Essay #1 There are 6 categories of leucocytes in the human body. These are as listed below together with their roles: a. Eisinophil- Are tasked with the responsibility to handle all parasitic infections alongside hives, allergic reactions, asthma and hay fever. b. Basophil- release a chemical recognized as histamine which has a response to both antigen and allergic threat that might cause inflammation in the body. c. Neutrophil- are the first one responsible for fighting any potential microbial infection whether bacterial or fungal and any type of diseases. d. Monocyte- Perform the functions of a 'vacuum cleaner' by collecting pathogens pieces in the blood and allows the T cells to destroy them. They flow throughout the blood stream removing debris of dead cells current in the blood. e. B-Lymphocytes- Binds the pathogens thus, destroying them as well as produce antibodies. f. T-lymphocytes- They destroy the tumors and viruses infected body cells. The typical process of phagocytosis occurs when the cell changes shape and sends out projections known as pseudopodia. This process is a non-specific body defense mechanism in which the various phagocytes engulf and destroy the disease causing microorganisms (Campbell & Reece, 2002). The pseudo-pods are the ones that engulf the microorganisms. The intruder in this case is the microorganism and the type of leucocytes that destroys it is the white blood cells. Essay #2 Characteristics of veins Characteristics of arteries Have thin membrane walls Have slightly thicker membrane walls Carry deoxygenated blood Carry oxygenated blood Less elastic than arteries More elastic than veins Blood flows through them under low pressure Blood flows through them under high pressure Have larger lumens than arteries Have smaller lumens as compared to veins Essay #3 a. Calcium and Potassium. b. The skeletal system provides the body with its basic framework, as well as the structure. It also aides in the safeguard of the human body as well as in enabling easy movement of the body parts. Looking at a skeleton sometimes might be scary but, it is one of the body’s most living and life-giving systems. It is comprised of bones of two types. These are: the compact bones and the spongy bones. Campbell & Reece, (2002) noted that this skeletal system relates most easily with the nervous system because it is through it that all the nerves of the body are connected. The spinal cord for instance runs through the vertebrae bone of the skeletal system. The brain on the other hand is contained within the skull which is part of the skeletal system. Ideally, the skeletal system serves as a protection mechanism against all body nerves. In summary the functions of the skeletal system are: providing the body with a basic framework for movement, protection and sustenance. The 5 structures Muscles. Tendons. Ligaments. Bones. Blood cells Essay #6 a. Coronary bypass surgery is a form of surgery conducted on the heart to replace a particular non-performing valve. Patients undergoing a coronary bypass surgery are usually treated with special care due to the technicality of the surgery. Usually, such patients are in danger of myocardial ischemia before, during and after the operation (Campbell & Reece, 2002). Other organs can also be damaged in the process. Therefore, the anesthesiologist should ensure that adequate anesthesia is administered to the patient to lower the risk of organs damage. During this operation , appropriate use of monitors and selection of drugs must be ensured. The main principles of this surgery are: proper anesthetic management, both non-cardiac and cardiac medications, monitoring of the patient before the surgical procedure as well as once the operation is over, and ensuring proper anesthetic drug infusion and selection to the patient. b. Congestive heart failure is the condition where the heart is incapable of pumping an adequate amount of blood into the human body to meet the necessities of the body while on the other hand a heart attack refers to the condition that results after the muscles of the heart have been damaged or maybe weakened by some other primary cause like a coronary heart disease or a high blood pressure case. Infections of whatever sort to the heart can also cause heart attack or failure. Heart attack Primary prevention measures: proper nutrition for all, regular body exercises, avoidance of drugs such as tobacco and alcohol, and immunization against infectious diseases. Secondary prevention measures: taking low doses of daily aspirin if need be, attending regular heart examinations and screening for those at risk and finding a suitable and modified work for the patient. Tertiary measures: rehabilitation programs of cardiac or strokes, forming patient support groups as well as chronic pain management groups. Coronary heart failure Primary measures: stop smoking; maintain an appropriate low blood pressure, have an active lifestyle, and mange diabetes and kidney diseases whenever found. Secondary measures: use an anti-platelet drug such as aspirin, as well as all the primary measures mentioned above. Tertiary measures: coronary artery bypass grafting, as well as all the measures discussed under primary and secondary measures above. Heart attack seems most deadly to me as it is quite to treat and its treatment usually involves a surgery of a kind. It is also costly to manage. Compared to coronary heart failure condition which can be reversed easily, a heart attack condition cannot be reversed easily (Campbell & Reece, 2002). Reference Campbell, N. A., & Reece, J. B. (2002). Biology (6th ed.). San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. Read More