Essential Biology Issues - Assignment Example

?UMUC Bio 103 Fall EXAM 60 points Please submit your answers as a MS Word attachment to your Assignment Folder. Submit only the numbered answers to the questions; do not include the original questions. For the multiple choice questions, just submit the letter that corresponds with your answer. Exam 1 is due Tuesday 9 October. Late exams may not be accepted. You are expected to submit your own work. This exam is "open-book". You may use your books, notes, and the conferences to answer the questions - research beyond these sources is not necessary to complete this exam. There are 44 questions, be sure to answer them all. MULTIPLE CHOICE (1 pt each) 1. Which of the following includes all the others? A) atom B) cell C) organism D) ecosystem 2. In science, a hypothesis must be A) testable B) a known fact C) able to be proven absolutely true D) derived from a theory 3. A chlorine atom has 17 protons, 18 neutrons, and 17 electrons. The atomic number of chlorine is A) 8 B) 17 C) 35 D) 52 4. If you place the probe of a pH meter in an unknown liquid and it reads pH 1, the liquid is A) an acid B) neutral C) a base 5. This polysaccharide forms fibers that are a major component of plant cell walls: A) glucose B) cellulose C) starch D) glycogen 6. Glycerol is a building block of A) starch B) enzymes C) vegetable oil D) DNA 7. Which of these types of molecules contain nitrogen? A) proteins B) phospholipids C) polysaccharides 8. Prokaryotic cells, with no nucleus or membranous organelles, are found in A) animals B) bacteria C) fungi D) plants 9. If the concentration of glucose in the water outside of a cell is lower than the concentration inside, A) water will tend to leave the cell by osmosis B) water will tend to enter the cell by osmosis C) glucose will tend to leave the cell by osmosis D) glucose will tend to enter the cell by osmosis 10. What happens if a red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution? A) the cell will shrink B) the cell will swell and may burst C) the cell will remain the same size 11. The plasma membrane consists of A) a single layer of phospholipid molecules B) a double layer of phospholipid molecules in which proteins are embedded C) several layers of protein and carbohydrate molecules D) a triple layer of phospholipids and carbohydrates 12. Which of these does not have to be present for photosynthesis to occur? A) water B) carbon dioxide C) glucose D) chlorophyll 13. The oxygen in our atmosphere is produced by A) photosynthesis B) cellular respiration C) greenhouse effect D) volcanic eruptions 14. Yeast cells break down glucose anaerobically into A) ethanol and CO2 B) lactic acid and CO2 C) lactic acid and H2O D) ethanol and H2O 15. The net energy gain from complete cellular respiration is A) 2 ATP B) 4 ATP C) 8 ATP D) 36-38 ATP 16. Carbon dioxide is released in A) the light-dependent phase of photosynthesis B) the Calvin cycle C) glycolysis D) the Krebs cycle 17. Which of the following is not a characteristic of enzymes? A) they are proteins B) they speed up the rate of chemical reactions C) they act on specific substances called substrates D) they are used up in each reaction, thus need to be produced in large quantities 18. Each new cell produced by this process will have an identical copy of all chromosomes and genes possessed by the parent cell: A) meiosis B) mitosis 19. During the first division of meiosis, A) homologous chromosomes separate B) chromosomes separate at the centromere C) chromosomes become triploid 20. The number of chromosomes in a human sperm cell is A) 4 B) 8 C) 23 D) 46 21. Exchange of genes between maternal and paternal chromosomes before the first division of meiosis is caused by A) crossing over B) X-linkage C) cytokinesis D) replication 22. If a heterozygous male mates with an albino female, what percentage of albino children would be expected? A) 0% B) 25% C) 50% D) 75% E) 100% 23. Queen Victoria's son Leopold had hemophilia, which is caused by a sex-linked recessive gene (Xh). Leopold lived to be 31 years old and fathered a normal daughter. What is the genotype of his daughter? A) XHXH B) XHXh C) XhXh D) XHY 24. In peas, tall (T) is dominant to dwarf (t) and, on a separate chromosome set, purple flower (P) is dominant to white flower (p). If Gregor Mendel crosses the genotypes TtPp and ttPp, what is the expected ratio of phenotypes in the offspring? A) 9/16 tall purple flowered, 3/16 tall white, 3/16 dwarf purple, 1/16 dwarf white B) 3/8 tall purple flowered, 1/8 tall white, 3/8 dwarf purple, 1/8 dwarf white C) 1/4 tall purple flowered, 1/4 tall white, 1/4 dwarf purple, 1/4 dwarf white D) 3/4 tall purple flowered, 1/4 dwarf white 25. Colorblindness (Xb) is sex-linked and recessive. Blondie is a not a carrier (XBXB), and her husband Dagwood is not colorblind. If their daughter Cookie marries a colorblind man, what phenotypes can Cookie expect in her sons? A) all normal B) 1/2 colorblind, 1/2 normal C) all colorblind 26. A change in DNA base sequence from GTTAC to GTTAG would describe A) replication B) mutation C) transcription D) translation 27. The sequencing of all 3.2 billion nucleotide bases on all human chromosomes describes A) genetic engineering B) the human genome project 28. tRNA molecules contain anticodons and carry amino acids to be used in this process: A) DNA replication B) transcription C) translation D) mutation 29. During DNA replication, an old DNA strand with base sequence ATCTGAGTA would serve as a template to form a new complementary strand with the base sequence: A) TAGACTCAT B) ATCTGAGTA C) AUCUCUGUA 30. Biology is defined as A) the science of composition of substances & changes in composition B) the record of humankind's years on earth, written by the winners C) hours of fun D) the study of life Here is a list of mRNA codons and their amino acids taken from the chart in your text. Use this information to answer #32 and #33: AAU - asparagine AUC - isoleucine CAA - glutamine CAU - histidine CGU - arginine CUU - leucine GAA - glutamate GAU - aspartate GCA - alanine GGC - glycine UGU - cysteine 32. The sequence of amino acids of Arginine-Alanine-Leucine would be coded by this sequence of bases on mRNA : A) CGUGCACUU B) GAAGCAGGC C) GUGCACAA D) GCACGTGAA 33. A sequence of bases on a DNA strand of CTACTTCGT would code for this amino acid sequence: A) Aspartate-Glutamate-Alanine B) Glutamine-Cysteine- Histidine C) Leucine-Glutamate-Histidine D) Leucine-Asparagine-Alanine MATCHING. Match function with organelle. Use each answer once. (1 pt each) 34. move sperm (D) A. chromosomes 35. package proteins for secretion from cell (E) B. ribosomes 36. site of oxidation of glucose to generate ATP (C) C. mitochondria 37. proteins or polypeptides are made on these small D. flagella round structures (B) 38. contains DNA (A) E. Golgi apparatus SHORT ANSWER. Answer in a few sentences in your own words. Be concise. 39. Describe 3 differences in structure between plant cells and animal cells. (3 points) Animal cell- Plant cell- 40. What is the function of chlorophyll in photosynthesis? What is the function of sucrose in plants? Why is sucrose called a "double sugar" (disaccharide)? (3 pts) Mesophyll cells contain the organelle chloroplast, a typical characteristic feature of the plants, it contains outer membrane, inner membrane, stroma- the space, thylakoids- disc like structure, stacked one above the other to form a structure called grana. Chlorophyll appears green as it reflects green light that reaches eyes and absorbs red and blue light. Structure of chlorophyll molecule contains Mg++ ions. The overall reaction of photosynthesis is 6H2O + 6CO2 >C6H12O6 + 6O2. The reaction onsets as soon as light is absorbed by the chlorophyll molecule. The monosaccharide sugar molecule C6H12O6 combines with another monosaccharide sugar molecule to give rise to a double molecule or disaccharide known as sucrose. Mono = single unit while di = double unit or two units of monosaccharide molecule. 41. Your friend says to you, "Hey, you are taking biology, what do they mean by genetically engineered food and why might there be a problem with it?" Give good biological answers to your friend's questions, including a definition or description of what is meant by "genetic engineering". (4 pts) With the advances in science and technology, man has taken the opportunity to play with genes by altering the genetic makeup of the living beings including plants and animals. such technique which alter the genetic makeup of the living organisms including microbes, plants and animals is called genetic engineering (GE). GE is further exploited in the food industry to modify the genetics of fruits, vegetables, milk, milk products for superior looks, resistant to microbial and insect attack, food value, durability and for transporting it to distant places. However, Research studies across the globe establish the deleterious effects of these Genetically Modified (GM) food stuffs. It is evident that the consequences are so devastating that they are affecting our own genetics. Research further emphasize that one of the leading causes of cancer is the consumption and great intake of genetically altered food stuff that are artificially synthesized or its genetic make-up is altered. 42. Explain how changing one base in DNA can cause sickle-cell anemia. Include in your answer the process "DNA makes RNA and RNA makes protein". (4 pts) The DNA undergoes the process of transcription where DNA strand act as a template for the formation of mRNA, the nitrogen bases on the DNA and mRNA are complementary to each other with Uracil complementing Adenosine, instead of Thymine. The triplet of the bases present on the mRNA is called codon which codes for one amino acid. mRNA again undergoes the process of translation where protein molecules are formed with the help of tRNA and ribosomes. If any alteration occur in the nitrogen bases the codon will change and eventually the protein formed will also be different. For instance, in case of sickle cell anaemia, the mutation occurs in the human globin genes. The oxygen carrying molecule hemoglobin has four chains 2 ?-chains and 2 ?-chains. Under normal conditions the sixth amino acid from the amino terminus of the ?-chain is glutamic acid but due to mutation this amino acid changes to valine while the ?-chain remains the same.. Thus, change in one amino acid in one polypeptide can have severe implications on the phenotype. 43. John has type B blood. John's father has type O blood. Mary has type A blood. Both of Mary's parents have type AB blood. a) What is Mary's genotype? (1 pt) AA b) List all possible blood types (= phenotypes) of John and Mary's offspring and explain your reasoning. (2 pts). John has the blood group as BO while Marry has blood group as AA AA X BO will have off springs as AB, AO. Thus the offspring will have either AB blood group of A blood group. 44. The nonnative evergreen blackberry has invaded the thick grasses of some abandoned agricultural fields in Olympic National Park. A related native species, salmonberry, has not invaded the fields, even though it is common in the surrounding rain forest. Elk are abundant in the area, love to eat salmonberry plants, but do not eat evergreen blackberry because of its big thorns. (5 pts) Make one hypothesis on why the fields are invaded by evergreen blackberry and not by salmonberry. Briefly describe one experiment that will test your hypothesis. In your experiment, identify the control group and the experimental group. Hypothesis: Plants invasion depends on the recipient environment and climatic modifications if any. This may result in the extinction or modifications of ecosystem. Experimental design: Aim- To monitor alteration in environmental conditions in the Olympic National Park that is promoting the invasion of nonnative evergreen blackberry. Material required- Year wise data of 10 years, with respect to climatic conditions at Olympic National Park. Theory- Alteration in the climatic conditions is responsible for the alteration or modifications in the flora and fauna of the place. An analysis of the data of almost a decade will provide a complete view about the climatic modifications that took place over the period of time, making environment congenial for the proliferation of the nonnative evergreen blackberry. Discussion- The analysis of data will aid in finding out the sequential alteration in conditions that paved the way for the invasion of nonnative evergreen blackberry and its proliferation. Work Cited Simon, E. J., Dickey, J. L., Reece, J. B. Campbell Essential Biology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings, 2012. Print. Read More