Urban Planning and Real Estate Development - Essay Example

Running head: Local planning Student name: Student number: Course title: Lecturer: Date: Local planning Introduction The discourse concerning sustainable development in accordance with the report presented by Brundtland commission and the processes on Environment and Development in the UN committee, a sustainable urban development would need significantly more go-getting policies in order to lower the consumption of energy, reduction of pollution, and protecting of arable land and natural areas. Salvaging of urban areas and more effectual utilization of building sites is a probable policy to this conclusion. However, the constant growth in the construction stock will make it more difficult to harmonize urban development in rich countries within the borders of what is ecologically equotable and sustainable in a global outlook. Planning therefore for sustainable development in urban areas must be geared towards long term objectives and make use of knowledge about the environmental repercussions of the varied elucidations, but should not be on the basis of means ends shrewdness. Planning for sustainability should aid in building of alliance amongst those population factions who can aid the fundamental equity and environmental ideals of a sustainable development rather than seeking an accord that encompasses stakeholder groups. Sustainable development Distinctive from such broaden conceptual, my argument will be based on an interpretation of the term of sustainable development in accordance with Brundtland commission’s report and the ensuing work of the UN committee on Environment and Development. The conceptual links welfare ethical norms, democracy, and distribution whereas acknowledging the ability of nature to accommodate the artificial encroachment and pollution is beyond its scope. The commission’s report commits one of its sections to a depiction and argument of the conceptual of sustainable development (Self, 2002). The commission argues that for sustainable development to be a success everybody in both the wealthy and poor countries, now and in the future can have their fundamental needs met. This must be attained without endangering the natural systems on which life on earth relies on. Moreover, the resolution destined to such results must be legitimate and democratic. Meeting crucial needs is the core constituent of sustainable development. However, the idea of meeting the needs is entirely diverse and knotty conceptual. The most well heeled groups of the social order are trendsetters and models, coming up with ideas and wishes that a large number of the population are struggling to achieve. Unfortunately, it is not these kinds of needs that are to be fulfilled in a sustainable development. The commissions puts it clear that water, clothes, food, work, shelter, hygiene, and energy. These are the exemplars of what is referred to as basic needs. It is worth noting that, the living standards that stretch beyond the basic bare minimum are sustainable only if a using up standard everywhere harbors the consideration for long term sustainability. However, it surprising that most of us still lives outside the bracket of the recommended ecological means. For example our prototype on the energy use is inconsistent. Criteria of a sustainable spatial planning The topic on spatial planning which includes; development of buildings, land use and infrastructure has resulted into environmental brunt. This as, however, resulted to be contradiction with the needs of a sustainable development. The confronts arising from the essentials of the sustainable development will be varied for urban planning in the poor developing countries as compared to the well developed countries. The enhancement of the hygienic and residential standards will be the integral duty of a sustainable urban development in the poor developing countries and reduction of expenditure of environmental and natural resources must be a major issue in the developed countries. On a largely and universal scale, the needs to a sustainable building stock, land use, and technical infrastructure may be designed as follows: For built up land patterns, land use development, and infrastructure to be termed as sustainable it must ensure that the inhabitants of the area in question meet their needs in manner that can make it possible to be sustained in the future, and is not contradicting with the globally standards of sustainable development. The planning of urban development in cities and the districts neighboring them provide for the development and transformation policies of these particular areas. These plans are established using the analysis of the current structures and the recognition of disparity in the geographical allotment of activities, housing, transportation resources and roadways. The planning of urban development is fashioned to alleviate these problems whereas complying with the unavoidable growth of cities. Consequently, lands cover modes, the mapping of cities, and the evolution in space and time of these diverse sectorial themes are the core tools applied by the urban planners in their task. It is therefore the responsibility of the professionals to adhere to the program and technical standards set up by the central government of each country (Riddell, 2004). To make this a success national regulations are established to provide direction on their development of the nation. This as also served as a way of executing the current enormous projects that are motivated politically. Through the impulsions set by leaders in central government, the urban planners have had to reach for a consensus urban development and issues such as: energy savings, rapid economic growth, reduction of social inequalities, historical conservations, environmental protection, and promotion of high tech- tech industries. The creation of urban development plan is therefore at the intersection of fields of urban planning and architecture but also entails the fields of environmental engineering, sociology, and economics. A high energy use as resulted to series of grave environmental problems both at the extraction, transportation and use. A sustained level on the use of energy and emission must be considered as a goal to reduce the use on global level energy and linked emissions, and an aim of raising the material standard of living in developed countries. The materials and equipments used in infrastructure and building can to a great extent depict harmful environmental brunt. It is therefore important to curb the use of building materials manufactured from scarce or non renewable, natural resources that are conditionally renewable; materials that require use of high energy to be processed and transported to the structure site; and materials that cause solemn encroachment on eco system in the extraction site. By determining the ratios of the plot and the types of the dwelling and by means of conventions in plans of local development on material use, the needed amounts of material can easily be influenced buy the planners. This also applies to its composition. The complexity of accomplishing projects of this kind relies majorly on the character of multidisciplinary and the time frame of the plans. Some programmes take fifteen or twenty five years to be completed; this time frame is important to make core transformations which includes improving of the neighborhood, restoring of the city centers, or establishing of green areas in the agglomeration (Ratcliffe, Stubbs, & Keeping, 2009). Urban development plans entails devices by way of determining how long term goals can be attuned basing on short term and long term proceedings and developments. However, for the plans to succeed the stability and maintenance of the original guidelines should be considered. To make certain this stability, urban planners must possess avant-garde outlook pertaining the progression of the cities. This is by assessing what already subsists and keeping an eye on or even anticipating propensities such as economic and sociological that leads to dynamicity of the cities. The suitability of these long term plans can facilitate the permanence of policies of urban planning over a wide range of electoral terms. This also ensures that flimsy consensus arrived at among the stakeholders with often sectorial territorial or incongruous interests are maintained. Participants in the urban planning The plans of urban development are designed by urban planning offices. In most cases this are private research consultants or state run and are guided by institutional leaders. Irrespective of the country the resolutions are arrived at in downward order at three different stages of government: at the national level, at the regional level which encompasses; regional council, urban community, and inter district authorities, and finally at the local community which is also one of the agglomeration. The local community government bears the full responsibility of putting into action the decisions of urban planning. However, in the case of hefty projects which spread over time and space the urban development plans offer a supple framework in which to fix the plans of local development. In the supple of city and national measures, the individual municipality must come up with local plans and formulate the needed regulations to be applied in the plans for its boundaries. Thus the formation of plans of urban development up from national level is dependent on the decisions of the government. It is worth noting that the success of urban planning relies on the consensus of all the active stakeholders in the city life in order for it to have a positive impact in its development. The participants therefore includes; public institutions, and the private sector which includes businesses, developers and builders, and social groups in partnership with economic leaders. This is the reason why the most crucial functions of urban planners are to make certain that their projects are approved before the citizens and the local administration. Due to rise in the sharing of information and dialogue, the manner in which the plans of urban development are presented as advanced noticeably. However this only occurred to the technical personnel where large files were involved, today this includes informative documents such as illustrations and explanations for a wider addressees. The activities involved An archetypal urban planning modus operandi adheres to the following recurring process: Collection of data, diagnostics and estimates, Objectives and stakes determination, Choice and definition strategy, Draw up of action plan, Implementation and promotion, Check and assessment. The city’s data collection and analysis is done at the town. The local diagnostics are then put together and deliberated as a conjecture on the scale of agglomeration. Basing on these conjectures, the objectives of the urban policy are established by the city’s decision body. They come to a decision on the amends to be effected basing it on the national advice and systematize and plan them based on the strategic process that develop into the skeleton plan of the urban development. The action programs are developed by the local administration agencies on urban planning and agglomeration based on the urban development plans provisions. The agglomeration agencies must set aside the needed space for expansive, interurban projects whereas the rest of the land is planned by the local agencies (Greay Britain. Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, 2004). However this should be in line with the theme of sectorial which includes economic activities, housing and transportation. The action programs are documented in the map of the local plan which is the final artifact of the urban planning. This will later serve as the orientation for all the subsequent activities. The task of promotion is effected and managed by the individual towns and the citizens and the relevance of the local plan. The management is either by delegation or direct. This follows standards such as: Acquisition of building permits, Activity set up facilitation, Collective equipment or infrastructure set up, Giving land to private developers. The final take in the cycle of urban planning entails three goals: measuring the discrepancy existing between the authentic evolution and the projected rudiments in the plan, verification of the conformity of the development plans with the probable effects, and ensuring that the regulations stipulated to go hand in hand with the urban planning are esteemed (Corey & Wilson, 2006). To efficiently supervise the various appraisals and to provide the numerous phase of development, various agglomerations have developed observatories that are permanent for the cities and are core features that contribute to its evolution. The data used Data used encompasses a detailed report gathered based on the maps of land cover; this is where land is presented by the main usage of the areas that make it up, physical maps; the physical uniqueness of a city entails data that relates to configuration of relief, structure and composition of soil, type and aptitude of land, meteorological and climate conditions and hydrographic information, activity maps; the recorded developments presents services that the authorities should finance (Gleeson & Low, 2000). However, major observatories are interested in the activities of the local authorities, which are harmonizing to activities offered by the local administration and are essential for maintaining crucial neighborhood. Other important data used in setting up a plan for urban development includes: facility maps; this is an inventory of the on hand facilities which aid the developers to accustom them to the sectorial requirement evolution and must be dependent on the resources to proceed with the expansion of artificialised locales. Socio economic maps; these information put together cities in enormous sectorial components as housing, sociology, economics, and demography. Risk and pollution maps; studies on environment tolerates risk and pollution maps to be developed at the urban land level where it is going to be applied in management of environment and urban planning (Brebbia, Neophytou, Ioannou, & Kungolos, 2009). Cadastre is also another source of data which is a division in the administration of land that term parcels as elements of reference. Its aim is to supply maps that are important in describing and identifying properties in technical, ownership and fiscal terms. The cadastral maps offers crucial information for purposes of administration such as built up areas, toponomy and parcels and to some extent information relating to the use of land in ways such as roads and hydrographic. The alphanumeric data source facilitates the connection of information on fiscal, harmonized administration and ownership, these includes the identification of the owner, style of premise, address of the parcel and all the rudiments needed to calculate taxes on property. This encompasses administrative boundaries, boundaries on material, roads, structures, map locating elements, land locating elements, topology, and hydrographic. Local plan maps also forms the basis of the use of land by the sectorial theme. Land use regulation maps offers commitments regarding the rights on property. The restrictions basically encompasses the aerial and pipeline passage rights. However, this also includes restrictions on zones affected by flood as well as probable natural perils. Functional requirements The input information applied in urban planning is mainly of two kinds: photogrammetric and satellite images and tabular information gathered from censuses, administrative files, and socio economic studies. The satellite provides the territory’s global vision in the covered land areas and the land’s physical features. The tabular information is important in qualifying urban areas basing on population, facilities infrastructure, and activities. To make such information available in the cartographic databases vectorisation, image interpretation, image processing, tools on alphanumeric data integration, and image processing is made use of. Tabular data positioning is attained by comparing it to the elements georeferenced which includes cadastral drawings. The connection and fusion of these various annotations via statistical processes and spacio-temporal study operations is vital in making decisions concerning the development of city land or emerging needed transformation and consequently drawing up plans on the development of the urban areas. Regulations and projects on urban development that pop up from chief policy aims are documented in local plans, and then forwarded to agencies concerned with planning in the local community to be applied. Local plans are updated through operations on map update and map composition. The information collected is provided under the auspices of urban planning and redistributed to partners of public service which includes network managers and private developers. This is in return of data made available by partners such as files of utility subscribers and technical data. It is important to note that a greater percentage of these structures are dedicated to offering information to private firms. This is mostly to the document publishers who present and explain the decisions on policies pertaining territorial development. Allied test cases The test cases discussed in this paper is part of those executed in the framework of the study on the megacities. It details how data on earth observation can be useful in urban planning, and to be specific, in the observation and monitoring of land covers. The methods currently used on updating the maps on land covers in these two cities entails changing into digital form the current maps basing it on the information collected in the field study. Hanoi and Berlin have witnessed significant and rapid transformation. Berlin’s record f transformation dates back to the reunification of West Germany and East Germany and Hanoi’s dates back to its market economy transition. The present techniques for collecting information concerning land cover are a real challenge to the cities in a bid to keep pace with its evolution. Transforming of maps into digital is an enormous chore and updates are outmoded before they can be accomplished. In effect, the entities accountable for planning in Hanoi and Berlin are requesting for monitoring and updating tools with the capabilities to keep up with the situation of the brisk urban growth. The advantages of satellite images as applied in this section includes: the global surveillance of land cover at close up date periods, fast processing of data applying techniques of vectorisation and automated classification, cost efficacy in relation with digitization techniques and ground surveys. Another case study is that of Manchester and London where the processes were mapped in the chronological order, applying the timelines to ease the difference of discrete actions and stages by the varied stakeholders and the decision makers. In Manchester and London test cases specific stages and actions were revealed that related to some of the stages and actions in the coming up of decisions of the design of the urban development. The case studies were selected for the vivacity2020 project due to the outsized population and harbored lots of urban issues that relates to sustainability. The issues include crime, noise, adequate housing, and accessibility to public convenience. Probing cities with lower densities and smaller population and without a glut of urban sustainability concerns provided aground for researchers to unravel the affiliation between the coming up of decisions for the urban design and sustainability. This therefore led to identification of urban development within each city basing on the archetypical of development and their scale. Bibliography Brebbia, C., Neophytou, M., Ioannou, I., & Kungolos, A. (2009). Sustainable development and planning IV. New York: WIT Press. Corey, K., & Wilson, M. (2006). Urban and regional technology planning: Planning practce in the global knowledge economy. London : Taylor and Francis. Gleeson, B., & Low, N. (2000). Urban planning: New challenges, new agendas. New Jersey: Allen & Unwin. Greay Britain. Office of the Deputy Prime Minister. (2004). Sustainable development im rural areas. London: The Stationery Office. Ratcliffe, J., Stubbs, M., & Keeping, M. (2009). Urban planning and real estate development. London: Taylor & Francis. Riddell, R. (2004). Sustainable urban planning: Tipping teh balance. New York: Wiley-Blackdwell. Self, P. (2002). Planning the urban region: A comparative study of policies and organisations. London: Taylor & Francis. Read More

The enhancement of the hygienic and residential standards will be the integral duty of a sustainable urban development in the poor developing countries and reduction of expenditure of environmental and natural resources must be a major issue in the developed countries. On a largely and universal scale, the needs to a sustainable building stock, land use, and technical infrastructure may be designed as follows: For built up land patterns, land use development, and infrastructure to be termed as sustainable it must ensure that the inhabitants of the area in question meet their needs in manner that can make it possible to be sustained in the future, and is not contradicting with the globally standards of sustainable development.

The planning of urban development in cities and the districts neighboring them provide for the development and transformation policies of these particular areas. These plans are established using the analysis of the current structures and the recognition of disparity in the geographical allotment of activities, housing, transportation resources and roadways. The planning of urban development is fashioned to alleviate these problems whereas complying with the unavoidable growth of cities. Consequently, lands cover modes, the mapping of cities, and the evolution in space and time of these diverse sectorial themes are the core tools applied by the urban planners in their task.

It is therefore the responsibility of the professionals to adhere to the program and technical standards set up by the central government of each country (Riddell, 2004). To make this a success national regulations are established to provide direction on their development of the nation. This as also served as a way of executing the current enormous projects that are motivated politically. Through the impulsions set by leaders in central government, the urban planners have had to reach for a consensus urban development and issues such as: energy savings, rapid economic growth, reduction of social inequalities, historical conservations, environmental protection, and promotion of high tech- tech industries.

The creation of urban development plan is therefore at the intersection of fields of urban planning and architecture but also entails the fields of environmental engineering, sociology, and economics. A high energy use as resulted to series of grave environmental problems both at the extraction, transportation and use. A sustained level on the use of energy and emission must be considered as a goal to reduce the use on global level energy and linked emissions, and an aim of raising the material standard of living in developed countries.

The materials and equipments used in infrastructure and building can to a great extent depict harmful environmental brunt. It is therefore important to curb the use of building materials manufactured from scarce or non renewable, natural resources that are conditionally renewable; materials that require use of high energy to be processed and transported to the structure site; and materials that cause solemn encroachment on eco system in the extraction site. By determining the ratios of the plot and the types of the dwelling and by means of conventions in plans of local development on material use, the needed amounts of material can easily be influenced buy the planners.

This also applies to its composition. The complexity of accomplishing projects of this kind relies majorly on the character of multidisciplinary and the time frame of the plans. Some programmes take fifteen or twenty five years to be completed; this time frame is important to make core transformations which includes improving of the neighborhood, restoring of the city centers, or establishing of green areas in the agglomeration (Ratcliffe, Stubbs, & Keeping, 2009). Urban development plans entails devices by way of determining how long term goals can be attuned basing on short term and long term proceedings and developments.

However, for the plans to succeed the stability and maintenance of the original guidelines should be considered.

Read More