Culture and Faade Changes in Jeddah Architecture - Term Paper Example

Culture and Façade Changes in Jeddah Architecture Name Institution Tutor Date Introduction Culture refers to the way in which members of a society give some meaning to their lives and adapt to the environment, and is achieved through the handing down of symbols and behaviours which allow them to live in social groups (Nanda & Warms 2014, p.5). Architecture has always been a necessary part of human culture because since prehistoric times, there is evidence that people actively tried to shelter themselves from the elements of weather hence constructed structures that were initially simple but grew complex as society evolved (Moffett et al. 2003, p.1). There is therefore a close link between architecture and culture (Ahianba 2009, p.29). The architecture in Old Jeddah evolved from the culturally functional and highly innovative structures to modern structures influenced by globalization as a feature of cultural change, so that the two categories now coexist side by side. This paper discusses architectural transformation in Saudi Arabia with reference to Old Jeddah’s evolution from vernacular to modern glass facades. Relation between Architecture and Culture There is a close interrelation between culture and architecture, and architecture is arguably an expression of culture. Housing is indisputably an essential feature in any community, and there is a direct influence of culture on the kinds of structures that are built. According to Sharr (2012, pp.5-6), culture is a main driving factor behind human activity and inspires human life, with architecture being one of its products. The perception of space or what makes the space good might also vary from an individual to the other and therefore possibly from one culture to the next. One can also say that architecture is a form of adaptation that is influenced by new ideas. External influence and therefore evolution of architectural facades is therefore not new as structures have kept advancing to suit new conditions. Ahianba (2009, p.29) for instance notes that during earlier stages of human cultural development, shelter involved getting physical protection that was simple from dampness, the sun, wind and cold but this evolved with architecture towards a more complex group of cultural traits that centred on a new idea of “family home”. When human beings learnt about new building ideas and materials, those that served the purpose better were adopted while traditional ones were discarded, and this trend has continued to date. Design, innovation and aesthetic value that an architect seeks is determined by the person’s cultural background, considering that every designer or architect comes from a society. Cubukcu (2013 p.37) explains that even in considering something to be unique while he is creating it, a designer will be applying the knowledge he has about the environment and this is similarly linked to the value systems that exist within him. As a result, culture arises as a major factor. Overall therefore, there is always a relation between a society’s situation hence cultural context and architecture. According to Baper & Hassan (2012, p.227), this is because its purpose is mainly to create a habitat that will fulfill individual or society needs of living and working, and are a component of community or geographical area’s identity, and this depends on how the people value the building. Evolution of the Architectural Façade in Old Jeddah Old Jeddah is a good example of how architecture is transformed depending on cultural context. Throughout the years, the typical façade of buildings in Old Jeddah has changed, but they may be categorized into three stages. These are old vernacular architecture, new architecture and current architecture. Vernacular architecture includes the earliest forms of shelter that were made in a simple manner and using the available materials, in this case mud and coral, and meant to just serve the purpose of keeping away the elements of weather. According to Moffett et al. (2003, pp.1-2), every society has its vernacular architecture developed as human beings are forced to use available natural resources to ensure some comfort and shelter that is appropriately responsive to the climate. This was the case with Saudi Arabia in general and Old Jeddah in particular. However, this changed with time as buildings started being designed. In the cultural dimension, early architecture had a close relation to the society’s spiritual and economic components. According to Correia et al. (2013, p.189-190), the unbaked earth and coral structures were influenced by the builders’ cultural characteristics, with the usually very modest forms being protected by use of coatings of earth that were renewed during annual rituals that come after rainy seasons. It was however relatively tedious because the materials used need regular maintenance for instance plastering hence many people later opted for concrete modern houses, away from brick, coral, plaster and mud that were previously common. In the economic aspect, richer individuals built more elaborate and complex structures that reflected their status. The past form of architecture was a continuation of vernacular architecture but at a more complex level. Architecture generally had its Arab and Islamic heritage, ensuring that it had an easily identifiable cultural element. Vernacular architecture in Old Jeddah has a very elaborate form and just like in all steps of human technological development, Jeddah’s communities used materials that may be used to distinguish them from people in other regions. Petersen (2002, p.253) explains that traditional architecture in Saudi Arabia mostly involved the use of three categories of materials; wood, stone and mud. In areas such as Old Jeddah, coral remained the main building material, either in the as reef coral or fossil coral based on availability and preference. Coral walls would be coated with a lime plaster, and the facades usually have elaborately carved stucco patterns. Wood was important in spite of being scarce in the arid country. The date palm acted as a main type of wood used especially for the lintels and roofing and tamarisk wood would also be used and even imported mangrove. Architecture in Historic Jeddah Historic Jeddah’s building facades are a contrast of the old and new hence a clear representation of the impact of cultural change. According to Driver (2002, p.93), Jeddah’s highways are elevated and the skyline is characterized by impressive modern, glass-finished skyscrapers and other housing projects. The older section is defined by the outstanding vernacular architecture. According to the Jeffreys (2011, p.221), it is referred to as Historic Jeddah or Al Balad has impressive, large and luxuriously decorated houses of merchants from pre-modern times. Its walls and foundations are made of coral entirely and its upper areas are made of great woodwork. According to Abu-zaid (2013, p.1), Historic Jeddah’s architecture is in old styles that create authentic, true forms of art and these exist together with the modern structures that have come up later. Fig1. Images showing the interaction of Modern Traditional Architecture in Jeddah Saudi Arabia’s architectural heritage had grown over centuries within its cultural context and as explained, building materials and designs have traditionally been determined by climate, available resources and geography. According to Petersen (2002, p.253), in central areas builders used clay due to its availability, insulating ability and malleability. In western parts however, red bricks and stone were more common. In Jeddah, coral drawn from Red Sea was more prominent. Many building methods arose due to the needs of the people within given environments and the availability of natural materials in their areas, hence vernacular architecture. The technology in vernacular architecture was innovative depending on the circumstances. The houses had lattices in all rooms and ventilation was in the form of big bay windows (Kamal 2014, pp.15-17). Bay windows, also known as wind-catchers are a highly effective way of ensuring ventilation is hot areas, and have even been adopted in some western designs to improve air circulation (El-Shorbagy 2010a, p.27). The climate in Jeddah is humid, hence causing erosion of walls and rotting of the wood, as a result of which a considerable number of structures in its historic area have degenerated. According to Alitany et al. (2013, p.8), the city centre is still however marked with multi-storey buildings made of plaster and stone, the doorways are made of teak wood and windows are of projected latticework which is typical of architecture in Red Sea port cities up to the 19th century. There are narrow alleyways between compact housing blocks, and this is common as a way of ensuring shade in the prevailing climate. The economic factor was a major determinant of how any structure was constructed. This is because it determined the size and standard of the building Example of Old Jeddah Facade: The Naseef House The façade offers the public face to any architecture and by defining the structure’s exterior, shapes its cultural identity (Baper & Hassan 2012, pp.227-8). According to Ham et al. (2004, p.99-100), Naseef house is among the oldest structures in Jeddah displaying typical architectural features that are a good representation of the Jeddah lifestyle and architecture tens to hundreds of years ago. It is a white structure comprises of three floors, a well on its ground floor which collects rainwater and the stairs are made wide to accommodate camels that carry food supplies to the kitchen that is on the top floor. There is a smoking and dining area on the roof, and this is open-sided. Its windows are bowed and span from the ground to the roof within wooden panels coloured grey. There is no glass used. Instead, there are a lot of lattices. Shallow chiseling is done delicately on the window casing panels. The buildings have beautiful Indian teak facades. Fig2. Image Showing the Naseef House Façade Jeddah is known for its commerce, as it was a trading port for several centuries and those who were wealthy enough could access building materials that were not otherwise available in local markets for instance mahogany and teak, and when used in buildings they produced outstanding outcomes (Kamal 2014, p.12). Abu-zaid (2013, p.5) explains that over 70 per cent of Naseef House’s façade is for instance made of Rowshan, and this has ensured a very cool interior in spite of the climate. The heat has also been managed by use of Monaqaba, a type of stone that effectively creates a thermal system, in conjunction with the wooden Rowshan which naturally absorbs heat. Fig3. Image Showing the Luxurious Naseef House Interior Traditional buildings were culturally designed with three considerations as most significant. According to Kamal (2014, pp.10-14), these were privacy, the humid and hot climate and segregation between women and men. Depending on the owner’s socio-economic status, a house would either be small for a small family, large tall buildings for the rich, especially merchants and multiple units that looked like palaces and were owned by the extremely rich people. Because of the climate, cross-ventilation was necessary hence perforated facades that were made of decorated wooden screens. Due to the need for privacy, Rowshans and other kinds of screened or louvered windows were made. The Effects of Economic Development and Globalization on the Façade Saudi Arabia as a country was transformed quickly once it started becoming wealthy, and this has since affected the architectural decisions people make both at individual and corporate levels. According to Thomas (2013, p.54), the 1970s oil boom brought significant development in Saudi Arabia, and there was a lot of importation of western architectural forms into the cities. With the new economic status, architecture became a way through which people communicated, hence the façade had to fit into status. According to Al-Naim (2008, p.139), people will always seek to surround themselves with items that will communicate with other people within the community. In this regard, the traditional façade was retained but set within the villa type of architecture that would be interpreted by others as a show of modernity and wealth. Villas could also be designed uniquely so as to indicate their unique personalities. The idea of such communication is valid because the façade is the most visible component of the house and even passersby would get the message. El-Shorbagy (2010b, p.20) explains that generally, the typical house is both a physical entity and an expression of the identity and function of each of its occupants. Globalization is a major source of cultural and ideological diffusion, and this has not spared architectural practice. Interaction with other nations and increase in financial power in the course of recent globalization influenced the development of a new kind of architecture that is mainly made of concrete, steel and glass façade. Improvements in income have made people, corporations and even the state more adventurous in terms of what they want as buildings. Fraser & Golzari (2013, chap.4-1), explains that when oil companies set up base in Saudi Arabia, this was the beginning of change in the Saudi built environment. They introduced for instance home ownership programmes that produced a great cultural and formal contradiction in home environments henceforth. Ownership of a detached villa ended up being a significant symbol of social and personal identity in Saudi Arabia. Such was accompanied by a lot of consolidation towards the use of western materials in building. The middle class that developed as from the 1950s had a higher literacy level and created a point of contact between Saudis and other cultures. The cultural exchange through various processes in globalization has ensured that skills are shared, and what has the definition of value and prestige has become almost uniform even in distant lands. Globalization has ensured that skills travel across borders quickly and in an almost homogenous pattern. According to McNeill (2009, pp. 7-13), with globalization architecture has grown to be an international service, a business that requires international strategy to pursue. Firms operate from a distance, and seek to compete favorably with others. They organize themselves both geographically and sectorally to achieve their ends. The big names in the industry can therefore be able to work in different places hence spreading the cultural influence through architectural designs. Robertson & White (2003, p.7) explain that globalization has led to the diffusion of a unified approach to design so that cultural adaptation strategies of distant societies are becoming similar, and architecture being standardized. Various barriers to architectural development, especially in relation to resource distribution have been broken as global communication networks increase. Brophy & Lewis (2011, p.1) add that for a long while, the scarcity of resources implied that architecture relied on local materials and energy conservative inputs. However, especially after the industrial revolution there was more spread of wealth and generally reduced costs of energy. These have ensured easier movement of materials and overall construction. As a component of culture, one cannot say that people lost their identity by changing façades and techniques. This is because according to Owen (2009, p.51), architecture evolves with time. The main factors are methods of labour, climate and financial resources. Every approach is influenced by discovery of better and more efficient construction methods and these survive until new techniques or social changes ensure change. For example the use of steel in place of iron has enabled the making of stronger structures. There is currently a drift towards a universal kind of architecture. According to Giedion (1967, p.XXXvii), universal architecture is where space conception is shared and forms part of both its spiritual and emotional attitude. It moves away from the unrelated, independent form that is a major goal of architecture. Rather, it is the way forms are organized in space. There is however generally the reference to past, hence a spiritual link between contemporary and past approaches as exemplified in Old Jeddah’s architecture. The increasingly interlinked and universalized practice of architecture brought up an international dimension to architecture. With globalization, there is generally a tendency towards the preference of international architects. Amongst developers, cutting edge technology is considered a marketing tool for them to stand out. Through association with the international firms, they create the impression of being sophisticated architectural patrons and hence stand out from competitors (Ren 2011, p.3). Architects are therefore becoming international citizens when they manage to. The idea of what constitutes a prestigious building, especially in terms of aesthetics and complexity is likely to have been influenced either through seeing or being advised by foreign designers who have subsequently ensured that there is standardization of the glass facades while adapting structures to the local environmental context. Cultural Definition of Old Jeddah’s Architecture Old Jeddah’s traditional architecture constituted the community’s cultural definition of shelter, and this is in line with Brophy & Lewis (2011, p.54)’s understanding of architecture as a product of the effort to create a physical environment within which communities live. In addition, the structures in Jeddah were originally as is usually the case, predominantly family dwellings, and family is the human being’s training ground on their culture. According to Thomas (2013, p.58), the home is where a person gets to express their needs, individuality, cultural and social values. The architecture in Old Jeddah has a considerable Saudi feature to it, whether in the traditional or glass facades. This therefore provides an element of identityi. Wen (2010, p.6) explains that buildings have, apart from the provision of essential shelter and comfort, also the role of expressing beliefs, for instance relating to nature and economic strength. Going by this explanation, it is therefore not surprising that just by looking at the buildings even those with the glass façade, one can easily tell there is an Islamic influence and show of wealth in them. It is possible to judge the Jeddah society’s understandings by use of their traditional architectural designs. This is because according to Emmons et al. (2012, p.1), different kinds of human representations, for instance interior design, landscape architecture and architecture itself draw their meanings from cultural beliefs and practices. Architectural style and taste as is exemplified in the two facades is determined by values that are generated by culture. According to Stamps & Nasar (1997, p.11), people exist within cultures and it is culture that will determine what they consider to be good, trendy or unique features. The idea of environmental sustainability, beauty and prestige are the current cultural values hence the glass façade is an acceptable feature. Johnson (1994, p,59) explains that current architecture tends to reflect only the meanings that society agrees to be applicable to it as society only tolerates artistry and individuality to that limit. The older kind of façade in Jeddah had its relevance in the past, and the new one is what is valued currently. As a result, the motivations for pursuing the structures differ. According to Oakley (1998, p.18), architecture is rooted in the society and shares its objectives, but is shaped and given its relevance to the moment by individuals and society. Architecture keeps the society going as it gives it meaning through its symbolic role. Both the Rowshan and glass facades are cultural symbols that will in future describe Jeddah, so that one can clearly explain why there had to be an evolution from the most basic to complex designs over time. According to Sharr (2012, p.3), a building will offer evidence of the culture that built it. It is an artifact that indicates the values that influenced its construction and how it will be or was used. The Need for Change in Jeddah’s Architecture Just like many countries, Saudi Arabia is faced with challenges of rapid urbanization and with it, increased energy demand (Bauer & Schwarz 2010, p. 49). According to Kamal (2014, p.16), there has been increased consumerism and with it, more environmental degradation and increased emissions. Electricity generation in the country is also heavily dependent on the burning of fossil fuels which is unsustainable and environmentally unsound. To deal with the globalization challenge of environmental degradation therefore, there has been need to alter architectural technologies to the modern type. For example, in line with universal architectural practice, even in modern times architects still draw inspiration from the traditional buildings in their designs. Islamic concepts are also quite common. The use of ultra-modern ideas side by side with tradition helps create a link between an innovative future and a cherished culture from the past. For example, the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) is a good example of this fusion between modern structure and Islamic traditional design. Fig4. The Façades at KAUST to Enhance Shade and Human Interaction KAUST has developed its campus in the model of a traditional Arabic city in which buildings are close together, minimizing the area of building facades that are exposed to sunlight while encouraging passive ventilation in between. The ventilation and shading has helped to shield exterior microclimates and by reducing the walking distances outdoors the strategies have ensured cooler environments for the necessary interactions in an academic institution (Kamal 2014, p. 18). Example of Modern Glass Façade: The Kingdom Tower, Jeddah According to Patterson (2008, p.1), there has been the increased use of the glass facade which has become increasingly popular since it was introduced and through the twentieth century due to the design of curtain-wall cladding and high-rise steel framing systems. In line with demand, new kinds of glass facades have arisen. Glazing systems have been developed. They were applied in certain architectural centres and adopted by others hence their popularity. Glass facades help in sun protection. Steiner & Veel (2011, p.215) explains that as long as the right kind of glass is used, the protection against sun rays can be found in double glazing which ensures the heat stays out. Meanwhile adequate daylight shines in hence the thermal energy alone will filter out. Even with large glass surfaces, cooling systems end up being smaller and more energy saving hence even a building having a prestigious, modern look can be achieved with a multi-purpose glass facade. Glass has adequate stability to be used in the façade and safety is usually integrated in manufacturing. A good example of the extreme shift to modern architecture is the proposed Kingdom Tower. According to Penner et al. (2013, p.109), it is intended to be higher than Dubai’s Burj Khalifa which holds the reputation of being tallest in the world. It will host serviced apartments, a hotel, condominiums and an observatory and is part of a bigger project, the Kingdom City that is to be spread over 5.3 million square metres of land north of Jeddah and along the Red Sea. The structure is to be ultra-modern, with 59 elevators, both single and double-deck. Fig6. The Tower’s Sky Terrace. Fig5. The Proposed Kingdom Tower Weismantle & Stochetti (2013 pp.11-19) explain that there will also be a dozen escalators plying the observatory and travelling at speeds of 36 km per hour both directions. It will have a sky terrace measuring 30 metres in diameter and 157 floors above the ground. Its exterior walls are made to cut energy consumption through reduction of thermal loads. Several notches placed on the building's sides will also produce shadow that will protect parts of the building from the sun and therefore offer outdoor terraces. The tower is three sided, and its base is a three-petal form that has aerodynamic tapering to minimize structural loading as a result of the wind. The structure is overall streamlined and designed to appear like a young desert plant with its leaves still folded (Penner et al. 2013, p.109). According to Weismantle & Stochetti (2013 pp. 11-19), the plant-like feature is supposed to represent Saudi Arabia’s growth and prospects for the future, while also adding the prominence of Jeddah which is the passageway to Mecca. In true nature of a cultural expression, the objective of the tower is to be the areas symbol and also increase the value of its surrounding land. The building’s construction is high technology. It includes extremely reinforced concrete. The pumps used are also the latest strength to ensure that it reaches the highest points. By the 10th of January 2015, the structure had already risen to the 12th level. According to Penner et al. (2013, p.109), it is meant to symbolize Jeddah’s economic strength and also its historic significance as the gateway to Mecca, the holy city. Having evaluated the trends in architecture, the cost and motivation for construction of the modern façade, it is possible that architectural choices in Old Jeddah have over time tended to overlook the social aspects of buildings which should basically acknowledge the condition of the people. The adoption of modern buildings makes the process appear like it has been reversed, so that there is greater attention paid to the efficiency and economy of buildings than having the architecture designed to fulfill the people’s social and cultural needs. However, every aspect of the architecture occurs within a cultural context and the energy conservation and aesthetic elements that are being sought are relevant in the current global setting hence cultural setup. Conclusion Architecture has a great role in bringing together a lot of what is important to the society. It is the basis of social function, shelter, art, technology, science, politics and economics among others. Buildings provide venues for everything and are therefore an unavoidable part of human culture. Architecture is therefore influenced and is an expression of culture at the individual and societal levels. Just like other societies, the Saudi nation and Jeddah in particular had its vernacular architecture that sought to enable the people to adapt to the environment. This considered various factors including availability of materials, labour and ability to withstand the climate. With globalization, availability of finances and changing values, new technologies were adopted to the extent that building of the highest tower in the world was pursued. The traditional façade would disappear, but the function it served was upheld because even with glass, the same challenges and solutions are adopted. The new structures try to offer shelter while minimizing the effect of the elements of weather, while also being used to communicate national pride. Even with rapid change, architecture therefore remains useful in cultural adaptation and expression. Recommendation From the discussion, architectural design is influenced by various issues. There are always environmental, cultural and historical influences behind how it comes out, although an architect may also have pure ideas that influence the design. Whenever anyone tries to understand meanings behind architectural works therefore, it is important to evaluate the historical and cultural elements of a given work or look at the building’s form alone. It is however worth noting that there is a high possibility of error in judgment and the evaluator may not know if a mistake has been made in their evaluation. The interpretation of any architectural work requires circumstantial analysis that considers the current social, political and cultural settings. The understanding of the past issues that enabled the creation of a building design may be useful. However, any such interpretation has to maintain relevance to the present-day situation, in addition to the person who is doing the interpretation. Architecture will also need to fully embrace emerging technologies and explore the needs of structure owners more. Bibliography Abu-zaid, O. (2013). Architects in Old Jeddah. Jeddah: King Fahd National Library Ahianba, J, (2009), Cultural Issues in Architecture - Case Study of Esan in Edo State - Nigeria, Journal of Social Sciences. Vol. 18 (1): pp. 29-43 Alitany, A, Redondo, E and Adas, A, (2013), 3D Documentation of Projected Wooden Windows (the roshans) in the Old City of Jeddah (Saudi Arabia) Using Image-based Techniques, Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol. II-5/W1, pp. 7-12 Al-Naim, M, (2008), Identity in Transitional Context: Open-ended Local Architecture in Saudi Arabia, International Journal of Architectural Research. 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