Parts of Anthropology Science - Essay Example

Anthropology The study of human beings past and the present are known as anthropology. As part of anthropology, biological anthropology that is also known as physical anthropology tries to understand how humans usually adapt to different environments by looking at their biological origin, their evolution, and variation. Another part of anthropology is the socio-cultural anthropology which usually looks at the social patterns and other cultural practices and this all in the aim of getting the similarities and differences attention to sexuality, class, gender, race and nationality. According to Marxist geographer David Harvey, accumulation by dispossession is the neoliberal capitalist policies. These are mostly the policies that are used in the western countries or nations. The centralization of power and wealth within a few people hands, the public is dispossessed their wealth and their land which started in the 1970’s up to the day today. The anti-politics machine is the result of backward logic that James Ferguson calls the development discourage fantasy. The concept comes from the consistent failure of development agencies to bring stability in the third world countries (Rose 87). The project specifically originated in Lesotho during the 1975 to the 1984. Neoliberalism is the activity of ideas that arose in the 1930s from liberal scholars who were trying to trace the conflicting philosophies of classical liberalism. The main reason for the neoliberalism was to advocate the reduction of the government spending, the support of economic liberalization and free trade so that the role of private sectors in the economy would be enhanced. Development apparatus according to Arturo Escobar believes that poor countries had little means to say no to offers from the international development thus the international development became the mechanism of control. This concept was used to compare colonialism imperialism. Taking a deeper look at the Accumulation by dispossession, David Harvey says that public assets were ones of the most disputed aspects of the neoliberalism. The Marxist theory simply implied that the interest of the people were to be served because the whole process entailed the move of power from the national government to private sectors. The capitalist benefits from this shift of power because the privatization generates a means of profit to them. In the 1980s, the government deregulation made the financial system one of the core factors of redistributive activity (Rose 144). The whole idea insinuated that the quantity of money that is circulating and thus made the demand levels and the pricing levels to be managed by the boards of directors. The same boards directors also gained profit from the asset price swing because they were also part boards of corporations. Accumulation by dispossession mainly relied on the private control of the quantity of the amount of the money supply that the private sectors can use to favor them. This kind of activities was observed and documented in history in the Bank of England and Netherlands. This kind of information kept on being changed from time to time all trying to satisfy popular rage or culture (apathy). The management and the manipulation of the crises according to Harvey suggest that such actions should be authorized by parties like World Bank and the International Monetary Fund because rising of interest rates can force poor nations to bankruptcy. These have made the neoliberal nation-state be one of the key agents of redistributive policies. However, the economy can be affected negatively even when it comes time that the privatization appears to be profitable to the people living in the lower class. These makes the state focus also on the redistribution through in ways like changing the tax code to profit returns on the project that maximizes the investment unlike the maximization of incomes and was. The accumulation by dispossession is a good way of dealing with the kind of different classes in the nation. The shift of power from the government to the private sector is the idea that can help meet the needs of the people living in poverty. This is by the direct connection of the people with the management of the private sectors who are easier to make contact to thank the government and thus tackling of problems is made easier. The privatization of social housing for example, Margaret Thatchers program in Britain was to be the most likely way to benefit the lower classes who were expected to move from rental houses to their owned houses at a cheap price (low cost) which could should have played part in making them gain control over assets and thus increase their wealth. The low-income population was later moved out following the transfer making the new owners be borrowers and used part of their yearly income as interest on the long-term mortgages (Rose 168). A limitation of privatization is that privatization is the transfer of public assets to the private sectors or companies and when talksing about assets, these are forests, water, air as well as the earth. To the government, these are key features for the pride of the nation which makes Harvey to suggest that the assets should be sold to the private companies as stock and this is what Harveys terms accumulation by dispossession. The anti-politics machine is a book written by James Ferguson that all contains the concept of development. Most development agencies consistently failed to enhance the stability of the economy to the Third World by so many different development agencies. This kind of backward logic is what Ferguson terms as the development discourse fantasy. In Lesotho, there existed the Thaba-Tseka, that was a development project in the year 1975 to the year 1984. The anti-politics machine is the development that started in the nineteenth century. It was the time that the state offered to start working to with the different kind of people that had previously tried to make the lives of the people better as well as trying to accomplish their different kinds of goals that they had. The state wanted to go a step further and make the repressive machinery of social control to be extended. Michael Foucault analyzed the governing bodies and authorities who used to develop programs, strategies and other technologies that were used to optimize the welfare, the health, and the life at large of the populations. He specifically termed these as the "governmentality" (governmental relationality). In many simillar explorations, the anti-politics machine "development" made Ferguson utilize the governmentality framework (Rose 196). He wanted to learn how the development discourse works by knowing how the language and other development specialists influence the delivering of the development and the consequences that follow later on. Funny enough, he found that the projects that failed and the reason behind the failure was their own "personal" terms used to be termed as "successes" which ment that the new projects were to be modelled. Ferguson argues that the "de-politicize" question of resource allocation and the bureaucratic power had a part in the net effect of development. In Lesotho, being known for region exporting grain was ignored, and these were the role that it was playing even to the South African mines. Lesotho was viewed as a"Less-Developed Country" and the apartheid regime in the South Africa made development agencies to isolate Lesotho from the regional economy. The regional economy entrapped the projects rationales and reports. After the isolation, Lesotho became a country best described as traditional, non-marketable and in all, the isolated country which made it to be a target for aid. His research helped to dismiss suggestions that the root of poverty usually lies in the areas that are outside the scope of the government. The managers tried to introduce what Ferguson termed as "Bovine Mystique". These are because the farmers at Lesotho had great numbers of cattle that they used to graze. Even in the time that drought was at the peak, they didnt sell them because they were trapped in their tradition that made them not to participate in the market thus leading to the introduction of the "improved livestock management". This improved livestock management was to come with the introduction of superior breeds of cattle and other privatize pasture areas. The rich South Africans had taken most of the rich farmlands and the people of Lesotho had been left with the poor lands(Rose 222). The people here did not have bank accounts and they only invested more and more on the cattle that they had. Having no retirements savings, the men kept their cattle without selling them as they were their actual retirement savings. The problem of poverty was to be resolved by the introduction of markets, improved cattle, and privatizing land. The anti-politics machine was a strong move as it helped open the minds of the Lesotho people who used not to be involved in the market due to their traditional beliefs. These, however did not change them commercially as they now used to travel short distances to the market. The difference now was that they now could sell their cattle at any time while, in the past, they would only sell their cattle at an elder age (retirement age).The integrated development also helped to strengthen the government in the areas that were isolated. Most of the developments projects are usually dependent on the local government. These states that the local government is responsible for the projects implementation, and this do not at any time challenge the nature of the government. Works Cited Rose, Nikolas, Pat O’Malley, & Mariana Valverde. Governmentality. Annual Review of Law and Social Science Vol 2. 2006. Read More