Impact of Tourism in the Tsavo Region - Essay Example

?Report on Responsible Tourism at Tsavo East National Park, Kenya Table of Contents 0 Introduction 1 Destination History 1.2 Aim of this report2 2.0 Literature Review 2.1 Growth in Tourism 2 2.2 Impact of Tourism 2 2.3 Impact of tourism in the Tsavo Region 3 2.4 Sustainable Development 3 2.5 Responsible Tourism 5 2.6 Difference between Sustainable and Responsible Tourism 6 2.7 Stakeholders and Responsibilities 7 2.8 Analysis of a Case Study 9 3.0 SMART objectives 14 4.0 Strategies to achieve SMART objectives 15 5.0 Conclusion 17 References 18 Executive Summary Sustainable tourism refers to the sustainable development of all three pillars – economic, social and environment, whereby the resources are optimally used in the present to conserve for the future generations. Responsible tourism, on the hand, pertains to the involvement of all the stakeholders in achieving sustainable development. The Tsavo East National Park, Kenya faces several challenges such as poverty, lack of education, ecological imbalance and lack of resources – financial as well as technical – to overcome these challenges. However, the Park has untapped natural resources such as rivers, rocks, lava flow and dust-elephants. All of these can be utilized to generate streams of revenues for the survival and growth of the region. Literature on responsible tourism suggests that poverty alleviation is possible if all the stakeholders work in cooperation to achieved the defined goals. However, this requires all the stakeholders to accept and discharge responsibility. Through a case study analysis it has been identified that the locals play a critical role in the sustainable development of any region. Motivating the locals becomes a major issue which can be shouldered by the NGOs. The tourists, the hotel operators and the tour operators, each have responsibility towards sustainable development. The government’s responsibility is not limited to forming rules and regulations but also in ensuring that these are adhered to. SMART objectives have been set and the responsibility of all the stakeholders defined, which can help achieve sustainable development. 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Destination History Tsavo East National Park, Kenya (TEN) is one of the largest of Kenya’s parks spread across 13,700 sq. km. It is nine times bigger than the Maasai Mara National Reserve (Expert Africa, n.d.). The Park lies to the east of the Nairobi –Mombasa road, equidistant between Nairobi and Mombasa, amidst flora and fauna, and the meandering Galana River (Kenya Wildlife Service, 2013). The Tsavo river flows west to east through the national park, it borders the Chyulu Hills National Park and the Mkomazi Game Reserve in Tanzania. The climate here is warm and dry. The Tsavo East National Park was once home to 35,000 elephants, reduced 4,300 by 1988 due to poaching from Somalia (Joshua, 1993). However, under pressure from conservationists and western donors, and under new leadership, corruption was cleaned up and there was ban on trading in ivory. Investments were brought in which facilitated the growth of herds; tourism too picked up as infrastructure was enhanced. The elephant population in the entire Tsavo ecosystem as of 2011 was 12,570 (McKnight, n.d.). The biggest draw of the Park is the herds of dust-red elephants that bulldoze their way around. Visitors to the park can watch wildlife under a huge sky and experience the wilderness in solitude (Expert Africa, n.d.). In addition, is the Aruba Dam, located on the North Bank of the Voi River, which makes a great game viewing destination. Other attractions include Mudanda Rock, the longest lava flow in the world and Lugard falls. The Park houses the largest mammals, Rhinos, buffaloes, lions, leopards, hippo, crocodile, Gerenuk and Hirola (Kenya Wildlife Service, 2013). 1.2 Aim of this report The aims of this report are as follows: To evaluate the concept of responsibility and sustainability in tourism To analyse a case study in terms of sustainable and responsible tourism To establish an appropriate sustainable tourism strategy and develop feasible objectives for the sustainable development of Tsavo East National Park, Kenya The first two aims of the report have been achieved through review of existing literature on the subject. An appropriate sustainable tourism strategy has been formulated for sustainability development of Tsavo East National Park, Kenya, based on the findings in literature. 2.0 Literature Review 2.1 Growth in Tourism As more and more people have the desire and the means to travel, the world Travel Organization (WTO) predicts over 1500 million international arrivals by 2020 (UNEP, 2005). While growth in tourism would take place in all regions of the world, it would be concentrated in the developing economies. International tourist arrivals in South Africa are set to grow on an average of 5.5 percent every year. Such international movement can have profound impacts on the local economies and the destinations. 2.2 Impact of Tourism Tourism can have positive effects on the economies such as employment creation and stimulating investments. Additionally, it provides tangible economic value to the natural and cultural resources while also being a force for inter-cultural understanding and peace. At the same time, tourism can negatively impact the region as tourist movement can directly impact the fragile ecosystem leading to disruption of wildlife, deplete resources, contribute to global pollution and cause dislocation of traditional societies (UNEP, 2005). This suggests that all those who are involved in tourism, in other words, all the stakeholders, have a responsible to recognize the importance of sustainable development. 2.3 Impact of tourism in the Tsavo Region and the Host Community The impact of tourism on the host country can be pervasive and devastative. This adds to the existing problems that a region may have. For instance, problems and concerns in TEN are numerous. The key challenges faced in the Tsavo region include poverty and underlying socio-cultural problems that stem from poverty. These include insecurity, no or poor access to education and healthcare, environmental degradation and loss of eco system, inter-communal rivalry over pasture and water, reduction in wildlife numbers and space for wildlife (Tsavo Trust, n.d.). In addition, the local communities are not aware of the importance of the ecosystem, of the exceptional diversity it contains and the need to protect these assets. The national parks in the region have limited financial and technical capacity to manage wildlife outside the gazetted national parks. This results in untapped revenue stream that could benefit the local communities. Fire is another hazard during the dry season and huge tracts of vegetation are destroyed as a result (YPTE, 1999). Excessive erosion also takes place naturally and the situation is further aggravated by the tourists driving across the dry soil instead of keeping to the roads. 2.4 Sustainable Development The most commonly used definition of sustainable development as per Brundtland Commission and as cited in the World Commission on Environment and Development (1987), is that sustainable development is ‘a process to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.’ Sustainability is thus is about creating a better life for all people and in ways that would be viable at all times. Sustainable development has also been seen as a form of economic growth occurring within the context of sound environmental management (Sindiga, 1999). Sustainable development implies conservation-based development and the well-being of individuals and communities. However, sustainability of tourism in the developing economies can lead to inequitable distribution of income. This socio-economic gap has to be addressed, failing which, the nation could incur political, economic and social instability (Ramachandran, 2005). The technocentric view suggests that green technologies and sophisticated management of resources such as recycling and reuse can help achieve sustainability. Hotels use energy-efficient lighting or energy-efficient refrigeration, and even invest in fuel-efficient transport (Legrand, 2009). Hotels have also developed compostor to manage waste and maintain their own kitchen gardens (Montagu, 2013). The Triple Bottom Line “Agenda 21 for the Travel & Tourism Industry: Towards Environmentally Sustainable Development” has been jointly launched by three international organizations, namely, Earth Council, the WTO and the World Travel & Tourism Council (Ernst & Young 2008). The three pillars of sustainable development or the Triple Bottom Line are now recognized as economic sustainability (Profits), social sustainability (People) and environmental sustainability (Planet). These three pillars are interdependent and sustainable development can be achieved by striking a balance between all three (UNEP, 2005). The economic responsibility pertains to generating income at different levels of the society. The enterprise itself should be viable and support other stakeholders to be sustainable as well. Fair trade should be practiced and local SMEs should be supported. Social sustainability refers to respecting human rights and ensuring equal opportunity for all. Poverty alleviation should result in reducing income disparities and exploitation in any form should be avoided. In addition, local culture and heritage has to be respected and nurtured for future generations. Environmental responsibility is to conserve and manage resources especially those which are renewable. Biological diversity and local heritage has to be preserved 2.5 Responsible Tourism South African Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT) defines the term responsible tourism as ‘tourism that promotes responsibility to the environment through its sustainable use; responsibility to involve local communities in the tourism industry; responsibility for the safety and security of visitors and responsible government, employees, employers, unions and local communities’ (DEAT, 1996:4 cited in Merwe and Wocke, 2006). The concept of responsible tourism has developed in response to global warming, social issues and depleting natural resources (Booyens, 2010). At the same time the demand for unique, meaningful and authentic holidays has increased. While tourists desire to interact with the local community, they also realize the negative impact that tourism makes on the host community and the destination. Responsible tourism is highly recognized in South Africa and they have also been incorporated in government policy frameworks and local economic development strategies. The concept of responsible tourism has often been related to pro-poor tourism (Ramachandran, 2005; Merwe and Wocke, 2006) but pro-poor tourism only pertains to the economic growth of the region. Responsible tourism should include responsibility towards all the negative impacts of tourism in a region. According to Merwe and Wocke (2006), a study of the UK-based tour operators revealed that the tourism companies have been very slow in adapting socially responsible tourism practices. The authors find a similar situation in South Africa as well. Responsible tourism can provide benefits to the stakeholders within the tourism system. The benefits as cited by Ramachandran (2005) include enhancing the country’s image as a tourism destination, achieving sustainable economic growth in the region, which serves to improve the livelihood of the local communities. All these create increased investment potential and newer business opportunities. Responsible tourism is cultural sensitive, reinforcing respect between tourists and host, and helps the local people to feel a sense of pride (International Conference on Responsible Tourism in Destinations, 2002). Responsible tourism also provides access for the physically challenged people. The Cape Town Conference was organised by the Responsible Tourism Partnership and Western Cape Tourism as a separate event preceding the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in 2002. Organizations such as the International Centre for Responsible Tourism work in partnership with businesses, government and NGOs and work with a focus on the Cape Town Declaration of Responsible Tourism in Destinations (ICRT, 2013). They raise issues but then work in cooperation with all the stakeholders to find solutions. They encourage people to take responsibility to make tourism more sustainable. 2.6 Difference between Sustainable and Responsible Tourism Sustainable tourism refers to the sustainable development of all three pillars – economic, social and environment – to ensure the needs of the present and the future generations are met. Responsible tourism, however, is a movement where different groups or the stakeholders have to take responsibility for different purposes. Responsible tourism would involve local people in the management and conservation of resources, in the economic development of the region and in preserving the cultural heritage. The local people have to be involved as it affects their life and their livelihood. Each stakeholders makes positive contribution in some form or the other towards improvement of the region, conservation of resources or reduction of air and noise pollution. The aims of responsible tourism thus, are to minimize the negative impacts and maximize the positive impacts through cooperation among all the stakeholders. This is possibly the reason that sustainable tourism has not made much progress because each stakeholder expect the others to behave in a sustainable manner. While the goal of both sustainable tourism and responsible tourism are the same, assuming and acting with responsibility makes the difference. Each stakeholder has to assume responsibility for their own behaviour and actions. 2.7 Stakeholders and Responsibilities For sustainable and responsible development of any regions several stakeholders are involved. Stakeholders comprise of people that can affect or are affected by tourism in that area. They are equally vital for survival and success of the organization. The authorities responsible for national parks have a responsibility to ensure that tourism generated income for the region is an opportunity for sustainable livelihood and hence needs careful management. Fair Trade in Tourism South Africa (FTTSA) awards a certification Trademark on the basis of self-assessment followed by verification by the concerned authorities (UNEP, 2005). This is based on the responsible tourism policy and guidelines of the South African government. The government has the responsibility to bring together tourism and conservation stakeholders to work in cohesion towards the benefits of planet, the people and for profits (Triple Bottom Line). It is the responsibility of the government to set standards and regulations and have modalities in place to ensure that these are adhered to by the different stakeholders (UNEP, 2005). The government also has the responsibility to provide technical support, marketing and other appropriate measures essential for sustainable development. The local tourism authorities should discharge their responsibility by offering responsible tourism awards for hotels, tour operators and travel agents. Consumers are important stakeholders and they have the responsibility to ensure they do not leave behind any negative impact on the destination. Responsible tourists have become an attraction for the tour operators but the responsibility of the tour operators does not end by segmenting responsible tourists (Sindiga, 1999). The tour operators too, have a role to play in actively participating in discharging responsible tourism. The concept of lifestyle marketing and ethical consumption has penetrated into the tourism sector as well. Since consumers have become conscious consumers, they demand adequate and appropriate information. Thus, it is the responsibility of the tour operators to advice tourists on how they visit locally owned facilities and resorts (Goodwin and Francis, 2003). They should be advised on how not to leave negative impact on the destination which could harm the local people. In addition, local culture should be respected and natural resources conserved. The tourists should also be educated on their own health and safety, on limited use of resources such as water consumption. The tour operators earn goodwill in the process. The hotels too are stakeholders in destination management and responsible tourism. They are known to be the greatest polluters (Legrand, 2009) and resource consumers such as energy (Houdre 2011). They should start buying locally and engage in environment management program within the hotel. Moreover, the hotels in Kenya thrive on foreign tourists and hence they should implement responsible tourism practices at the insistence of the customers, as this has been found to be lacking in South Africa (Merwe and Wocke, 2006). The local communities are the ones most affected by the negative impacts of tourism. At the same time, the local people have the greatest treasure of knowledge of their ecology and hence best suited to manage the resource system in a suitable manner (Sindiga, 1999). Therefore, for sustainable development, the local people should be involved both in conservation and in direct tourism activities. Such communal development in wildlife conservation and tourism has achieved success in Zimbabwe under the CAMPFIRE (communal area management programme for indigenous resources) program. The Namibian government too has adopted community-based tourism development as a state policy. Such a strategy has the potential to alleviate people from poverty. The involvement of local communities in wildlife management also minimizes the conflicts and competition for resources which threatens parks. However, communities are not homogenous groups and hence would require an authority to supervise their involvement. 2.8 Analysis of a Case Study Since the local people are the largest stakeholders and the most affected (negatively) through tourism in their local regions, it is believed that community based development (CBD) or community driven development (CDD) should be implemented. CBD are projects that include the beneficiaries in the design and development. In CDD the communities have direct control over project decisions as well as in managing funds. The CBD/CDD projects are expected to reduce the information gap so that the target communities recognize how such projects can bring them relief. Besides, these projects also help to expand the resources in the form of credit, social funds and occupational training. Since the World Bank has been funding CBD/CDD projects, it conducted a study to evaluate the outcome. The study found that such projects which are targeted at alleviating poverty, have not achieved the desired results (Mansuri and Rao, 2003). The World Bank evaluated several studies and found some evidence that CBD/CDD projects do create effective community structure but beyond that such projects have not really benefitted the local communities. The CBD projects continue to be dominated by the elites and when communities are heterogeneous, the outcome is still worse. Several factors hinder progress and development. For instance, the CBD initiatives depend on an enabling institutional environment, thereby requiring upward commitment. However, the community leaders need to be downwardly accountable to all the local people who form the majority stakeholders. External agents also influence project success. The facilitators do not have adequate training and experience. Such projects need a long-term horizon and need ongoing and careful monitoring and evaluation. Ramachandran (2005) conducted an empirical analysis of responsible tourism initiatives undertaken at Taman Negara (National Park), Malaysia. This was a four-phase research process in which interviews were conducted to evaluate the underlying meaning of responsible tourism indicators from the stakeholders’ perspective. The participants to the survey included four major categories of stakeholders – the local people, the domestic tourists, the international tourists and the policy makers. This was an exploratory study to understand the people and the environment. An evaluation of this study would help to formulate the SMART objectives for Tasvo East National Park. Taman Negara, in Malaysia, 130 million years old, is rich in biodiversity with 14000 species of flora, 200 species of mammals and 300 species of birds. Numerous caves and rivers can be found on the Park. This is a popular eco tourism destination for both domestic and international tourists. A wide range of accommodation is available in Taman Negara. The local community is the orang asli in this region. Perception of the Locals According to the local people, hard work and modernization are some of the changes that can be observed among the natives. Modernization has impacted their traditional activities such as gardening, hunting and farming. People have compromised with their qualities of humility and hospitality. While they find the international tourists to be courteous and respectable, some locals have started imitating the tourists which is leading to deterioration in culture and values. Vandalism is also on the rise as a result of extensive tourism in the sector. On the economic front, the people have gained, as is evident from the rise in disposable income, reduction in poverty and unemployment. Tourism has also provided opportunities to start entrepreneurial ventures. The international tourists are more environmentally conscious than the domestic tourists, according to the locals. The locals expressed that any further development in the region would adversely impact the uniqueness of the area. While modernization has impacted their traditional activities, they have benefitted from telephone and internet access. They agreed that they are involved by the authorities in decisions pertaining to their well-being. This suggests that both positive and negative impact of tourism in any destination is unavoidable. Perception of domestic tourists They find the locals helpful, courteous and humble. Communication problem does not exist as the locals have learnt English due to international tourists. Modernization does adversely impact the local culture and values. Tourism activities have given rise to job opportunities, and with higher income levels, poverty in the area is reduced. However, such opportunities are limited but entrepreneurial opportunities are available to the locals. While they found the environment to be clean, they indicated scope for reducing litter. This suggests that the tourists need to be made aware of their responsibilities towards the destination. The role of the tour operator here is critical. While phone access was a boon, mobile coverage could be enhanced. The domestic tourists observed that the governing agencies include the different stakeholders in participative decision-making. International Tourists The international tourists have a different perspective altogether. They would like to see the natives in their natural environment and not in a captive environment. This is based on the perspective that in a national park the inhabitants should live their natural lives. The natives are the main attraction for the international tourists as they like to witness the traditional style in which they live. The international tourists have also observed the hospitality and courtesies extended by the local communities although modernization has influenced their lifestyle. Job opportunities such as tour guides and boatmen have helped the economy. The environment was pure and clean, although littering needed to be addressed. Development was considered to be under control. The tourists are willing to pay higher rates if they are satisfied with the conservation effort. The international tourists were however divided on the issue of communications through telephone. Those who want to escape from development disagree with the availability of communication facilities because the very purpose of being with nature is defeated. However, majority enjoyed the access to internet as it enabled them to communicate with the family. This group of respondents expects more participation from the local communities. They found the involvement of the local communities in decision-making, inadequate. They feel more awareness campaigns are essential and this should be done at more frequent intervals. According to the international tourists, the role of the governing agency is to ensure that the National Park remains the same for the future generations as well, in others words, sustainability is important. Perception of Decision Makers The decision makers perceive of the natives as a vital ecotourism product. However, this group of respondents feels that the involvement of the natives should be limited to creating awareness amongst the visitors without being exploited. The governing agency employs natives and the relationship between the two is harmonious. The locals feel their privacy has been intruded upon as a result of which they are less friendly. They feel the development is extensive and they have resorted to drugs, alcoholic beverages and theft. Before tourism the locals were dependent only on agriculture but now they have abundance of opportunities as tour guides, in transportation and in food and beverages. Tourism has positively impacted the economic growth which is evident from the low levels of unemployment and poverty. The local community also has the opportunity to join the public service. On the ecological front the situation is not as promising. To conserve the environment development has to be controlled. The governing agency believes the locals are responsible for the litter in and around the Park. The irresponsible actions of the locals, is also affecting the air and water quality. This group of respondents does not consider the locals to be active participants in promoting responsible tourism. The role of the NGOs is also limited and needs to be enhanced. Case Study Analysis An evaluation of the perceptions of all the four groups suggests that the locals have a significant role in building and maintain stakeholder relationships. They are the ones that are most affected with the development of tourism, both positively and negatively. There is no evidence of the locals being provided education and training, and hence this is one of the areas that need attention. It is also important to attract the NGOs. The resort owners are considered to be intruders but without the resort operators the Park would not be able to attract visitors. All agree that tourism has brought about economic growth but development is pervasive and needs to be controlled. The opinion of resort operators would have revealed who is responsible for the litter, although the decision makers believe it is the locals. It is quite likely that the tourists also are responsible and this requires educating and informing the tourists of their responsibility towards and the environment and the people. This case study also suggests that environmental impact assessment (EIA) is a major requirement. EIA laws, practices and procedures have to be strictly adhered to (Betey and Godfred, 2013). While development in this region appears to be sustainable, responsible tourism needs to be enhanced. Based on these observations, the strategy for Tsavo East National Park has been formulated. The main issues at Tsavo East National Park appear to be poverty, environmental degradation, lack of education among the locals as well as the tourists. 3.0 SMART objectives The objectives to achieve responsible tourism based on the Triple Bottom Line, in the Tsavo East National Park region would be: To enhance economic growth and ensure no unemployment by 2018 To educate the tourists and the local people of their responsibility towards the environment To attract NGO participation in improving and conserving the socio-cultural identity Measurable These objectives are measurable as the unemployment levels can be easily ascertained. If no unemployment is found, economic growth has taken place. Once economic growth is achieved, education levels rise. Environmental degradation can be monitored through tools such as EIA. This would reveal the extent to which the tourists and the local people discharge their responsibility towards the environment. The changes would be measured using 2013 as the baseline for unemployment and environmental degradation. Achievable These objectives are achievable because the Tsavo East National Park has several untapped natural attractions. These can be used to gain competitive advantage and to alleviate poverty and the related problems. Relevant These objectives are relevant because the available resources will be used to achieve the SMART objectives. Literature review suggests that when all the stakeholders work in cohesion, responsible tourism can enhance economic growth, and thereby improve the livelihood of the locals. It also helps the local people to feel a sense of pride. Besides, the region has enough attractions that have remained unexplored. Time-bound These objectives can be achieved over a period of five years. However, the education of tourists and the locals has to start immediately and this should be evident in two years’ time. 4.0 Strategies to achieve SMART objectives A well planned strategy is the key to success. A strategy is a long-term plan to achieve defined goals. All the stakeholders need to be involved and work in cooperation to achieve the desired goals. The stakeholders include the tourists, the Park authorities, the resort/hotel owners/operators, the locals, the tour operators and the government. Each stakeholder group has to demonstrate responsible tourism. To achieve economic growth, the facilities at resorts have to be enhanced. This can be achieved through private investments. Entrance fees should be increased which would a major revenue stream. Since dust-red elephants are a major draw, night safari can be introduced which can be another major source of revenue. Tsavo East National Park can also be made into a game viewing destination. It also has the longest lava flow in the world and hence Volcano lava flow tours would be a major attraction. If all these activities are provided, it could help to enhance the length of stay at resorts which impacts revenue flow through a chain of activities. The tour operators play a vital role in educating the tourists. The educational brochures distributed by the tour operators should carry information towards responsible tourism. These should also be available on their websites as they promote the destination. The tour operators are the communicators of foreign culture and hence have the responsibility to ensure that the cultural identity and the cultural heritage of the region are preserved (Penington-Gray et al, 2005). The role of the NGOs in such environment is vital as they can help educate the locals and conserve cultural heritage. NGOs should be invited by the government and the local authorities to shoulder responsibility. They can train the locals to work as guides, or be involved in transportation. As tourism increases numerous opportunities arise in generating income for the local people. Initially the NGOs may need to motivate the locals and educate them on the benefits of tourism in their area. However, the responsibility of the NGOS should also be to ensure that exploitation of the locals does not take place. Awareness among the tourists can be initially created by the tour operators. Subsequently, the hotel/resort operators must have messages and signs all over the resort informing the tourists of the numerous ways they can help reduce environmental degradation. The park authorities should also put up messages, warnings and signs all around the region which would keep the tourists conscious throughout their stay. The role of the government is the most critical in developing responsible tourism. The government has to set standards and regulations and ensure that these are followed by all the stakeholders. The Tsavo East National Park lacks financial and technical capability. These are the two areas where government has to provide support. Technical capability such as enhanced communication would help in promoting the region through different platforms. Until the region gains financial independence, the government would have to support in enhancing the infrastructure. The government can also institute responsible tourism awards for individuals, for resorts and for the tour operators which would incentivize them to work towards responsible tourism. 5.0 Conclusion The Tsavo East National Park is an untapped, unexplored region with high potential for tourism. It is endowed with natural resources and beauty which can be used to gain competitive advantage. The region is besieged with poverty and the underlying challenges that stem from poverty. The locals lack awareness of the importance of the ecosystem. Through responsible tourism the area can be made financially self-sufficient over a period of time. SMART objectives have been laid out which are achievable through the involvement all the stakeholders, particularly the local communities. If all the stakeholders assume and discharge their responsibility, sustainable development in all the three pillars by striking a balance in the economic, social and the environmental fields. References Betey, CB. and Godfred, E. (2013) Environmental Impact Assessment and Sustainable Development in Africa: A Critical Review. Environment and Natural Resources Research, 3 (2), 37-51 Booyens, I. (2010) Rethinking township tourism: Towards responsible tourism development in South African townships. Development Southern Africa, 27 (2), 273-287 Ernst & Young. (2008) Hospitality Going Green. 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