Design Project in UK - Assignment Example

Design Project in UK Introduction This project aims at producing an engineering design for a project in Bristol, UK. The project taken up is an office building for a company involved in trading business. The requirements from the client are taken and are put together with the rest of the requirements of the location to work out the comprehensive design for the project. Though the architectural requirements are taken for consideration, this does not take in the other parameters like the overall appeal and the personal design preferences on the look of the structure from the client. The engineering aspects alone are considered in this report. The location of the project is taken to be on the Victoria Street much before joining the Temple Way on the Northern side of the road. Special Client Requirements The special client requirements include the following: 1. The client has a trading business and all their employees are internet savvy. Therefore, he wants a large data communication network, T3 line in place. The service provider wants a wireless tower to be erected for this purpose on top of the building. 2. The building has to accommodate four hundred people when it is completed and should be able to take on another two hundred more in the near future. 3. The building should have a canteen, a recreation hall and a gym for the employees. There should also be an open theatre where play acts could be staged and possibly a movie during the weekend could be screened. All these are the targets set for the project. The building has to be eight storied and should not be more than 8000 square feet in every floor. The land size is 10000 square feet on the busy road. Conceptual Design The conceptual design is based on the number of seats the office is going to have. The total project is to accommodate six hundred employees. Apart from this, the building would also house another 40 managers and 10 senior executives at the level of directors. The following thumb rule for space occupancy is taken. For every executive, there would be a requirement of 80 square feet of space required. For every manager, the space required will be 200 square feet and for every senior executive at the level of directors it will be 400 square feet per person. This will also include a secretarial chamber where there will be one more person seated. To meet these requirements, the total space required will be 60000 square feet of space. The additional space is taken for canteen 2000 square feet and the rest for the entertainment and gym. Options To execute this job, the following options are available: 1. Since the total space requirement is 64,000 square feet of constructed space for occupancy of office staff. This can be realised by constructing eight floors of 8,000 square feet each. This would have all the facilities planned within this area and a basement of an equal size for parking and other equipments. A total square feet of 72,000 square feet including the basement will be planned in option one. 2. Option two will be that all the heating equipment will be fixed on the top floor and solar heating could be realised. Additional heating equipments can be used fixing them on the top floor itself. This would occupy about 2000 square feet on the top floor. The parking space alone, comprising of nearly 4000 square feet could be provided for in the ground floor and the rest of the building can be above that. A total of 68,000 square feet of constructed space. Of the two options available, the second one would save considerable amount of digging and clearing work which would be required for basements. In addition to that, the amount of area covered is also lesser and therefore the overall cost of construction would also be lesser. Secondly, maintenance will also be cheaper since the area to be maintained is marginally lesser and all the devices are over the ground. Solar heating systems would also reduce the amount of maintenance though the initial investment would go up marginally. Selection Process The following factors are considered in order to make the choice between the two options available. One, the soil conditions for building high rise structures; two, the cost of such constructions and finally, the effort and time involved in constructing such a building are the three factors that are taken into consideration. The soil has to withstand in either of the options eight floors of construction, however, in option 2, there is no basement planned. Therefore, the soil strength in the region would necessitate a pile foundation that goes up to 20 feet for option 2. For option 1, it has to be over 27 feet so that a 9 feet high basement is provided for parking etc., Construction Process Estimated Duration of Activities The following activities and their estimated duration are planned. Job estimates and project plans S No Job Description Estimated Duration (Days) Resources required Estimated cost Risk Others Man Power Machi-nery Material 1 Pile foundation 15 10 As required As per quantity estimates 20,000 Safety of people and equipments 2 Cross beams and roofs 100 40 As required As per quantity estimates 1,200,000 Safety of people and equipments Time control 3 Wall construction 100 30 As required As per quantity estimates 1,000,000 Safety of people and equipments Time control 4 Civil finishing 100 40 As required As per quantity estimates 1,150,000 Safety of people and equipments Time control 5 Electrical work 150 15 As required As per quantity estimates 500,000 Safety of people and equipments Time control 6 Plumbing work 100 5 As required As per quantity estimates 500,000 Safety of people and equipments Time control 7 Otherwork 20 5 As required As per quantity estimates 100,000 All costs include cost of material and manpower and machinery as well. Many of the jobs are merged together and are noted as civil finishing and wall construction work. The wood work is also included in civil finishing and the costing is done including the same. Site Appraisal History and Archaeological Study The site is on the Victoria Street and close to the Temple way. This was a centre of a number of historical sites and happenings; however, today the leaning tower of the Temple church is close by and there are a number of (Door nos: 60 to 66) survived the demolition drive of the 1974 when a new look was given to the street. But for these seven to eight blocks, none of the old buildings exist in Victoria Street. Therefore, many of the rules and laws made for the archaeological protection would not be applicable to these sites. Public Utilities All the needed public utilities are available at Bristol and this being almost the city centre there is no dearth of any of these facilities. The building needs to ensure that interfaces with the available public utilities like the fire hydrants, water, power, drainage and the rest of them straight away to avoid any handling issues. Topographic and Geological Survey The available topographic and geological data point to a uniform land with little making up for height and soil strength to be done. Though Bristol is on the Avon River, the location under consideration is safely away from it and the chances of flooding is very remote. Soil Data The soil in Bristol is mostly alluvial with clay in areas interior from the river. The soil is soft requiring larger depth for foundations to hold ground and support larger frames. Of course, water has dramatic effect on the strength of soil. This has to be taken into consideration while working out the soil strength. Environmental considerations Since there is no flood implication or the building is not an location that could affect the environment, the flora or the fauna, there are no major environmental considerations that need to be taken into account. However, it is essential that all the public utilities are used in the manner prescribed so that there is no untoward impact on the surroundings by the building and its occupants. Special Hazards No special hazards are noticed in this specific project. Fire is a possibility as in any building for office purposes. This has to be taken into account while designing and appropriate fire alarm systems and fire escapes should be provided for while designing the system. Others The construction safety and workers safety needs to be taken care of while building. Insurance policies as per statutory stipulations need to be taken to cover any eventuality that might occur. Analysis Loading and Design Data For mid-rise buildings of the size that is being contemplated, it has to be Sprinklered type IB construction. The standards choice for office buildings of mid-rise constructions is 2 hr structural frame, 2 hr for exterior and interior load bearing walls, 1 hr for exterior non-load bearing walls, 2 hr floor construction and 1 hr roof construction on fire safety norms will be adopted. The base structure and the frame is designed for a 9 feet ceiling-height offices. Insulated walls for exterior and roof, finished ceiling and ambient lighting, Gypsum wall board for internal partitions and on external perimeter walls are used. The building will have common areas which include fire egress, mechanical rooms, electrical switchgear, communication room, public toilets and a common building automation system possibly controlling the lighting, heating and other optimisation parameters for the building. Engineering and structural Analysis The building structure is complaint with International Building Code. The size of pillars and the frame structure has been designed to ensure that it withstands the wind specifications laid out by the standards. Geological and Fluids Analysis The flood flow and the geological soil strengths have been analysed and found to fit into the design considerations. Taking into consideration the weakness of the soil in this area, the depth of the piles have been increased to accommodate the requirement. Transport and Others Transport to the work spot during the construction process, including men and material is much easier. This is right in the middle of Bristol and there is no issue concerning transport. Environmental Analysis There are no environmental issues since there is no demolition or destruction of any of the natural resources. Therefore, there is no consideration in this respect that has to be taken care of in the design. Detailed Design Design Calculations The critical load on columns is calculated based on the Euler's formula: Fcr=EI/Leff2 While this is the buckling load of the column, the design load of the column is calculated. However, in this case, the load expected is based on the number of floors over the column and the extent of load it has to support. In addition to these loads, the wind load in the area is also taken for consideration. The L/D ratio for beams is taken at 20 since the joints are planned to be rigid. Allowable soil bearing pressure is assumed at 2 Tons per square feet. Deep foundations are suggested for the building. A 14" diameter pipe filled with concrete, capacity of 1050 tons is taken for deep foundations. This is done up to a depth of 35 feet. 16 feet excavated for basement and elevator room construction. One pile is planned for every 150 square feet of the building area. One foot thick concrete wall are planned for basement up to the depth of 16 feet. A 4 inch concrete slab is made as roof to bear a load of 72000 KG/M2 including self weight. Sealants are used at joints. Insulated wide flanged steel columns are used for the superstructure. Steel tonnage for the super structure is taken to be 122.4 KG/M2 for both floors and roof. For the columns, this is taken as 60 KG/M2. Both the roof and the floor are of composite concrete at 20% fly ash content on 20 gauge steel reinforcement. Up to two floors stone construction for the shell and for the rest pre-cast concrete panel. All windows and doors are aluminium framed. Glass to be insulated and double glazed for better resilience. Entrance door alone is 7 feet by 7 feet. The calculation is based on uniform load on all beams with a bending moment calculated at wL2/8. The beam reactions are calculated taking half of their load to columns on either side of the beams. The beams are all simply supported and the deflection values are provided by 5/384 wL4/EI From the figures given above, the sizes are chosen based on standard working practices for a mid size building of the size contemplated. General Arrangement Drawings Schedules Schedule is as given in the table 1. Others No other information is seen needed. Economic Analysis The cost per square metre is worked out and is given below based on the construction specifications listed above. The average cost per square metre of construction will be PDS 1100/-. Conclusion The design is provided with complete information on the selection of material for construction. This is in line with the standards in practice for construction and selection of material. This is also in line with the fire and safety regulations under implementation. Read More