Body Systems and Energy for Physical Activity - Report Example

Running head: Long Jumb Student’s name Institution Course Professor Date Long jump Section 1 Introduction Long jump is defined as a track and field event whose aim is to try and jump as much as possible with a view to step on a takeoff board and land in a soft sand that is placed on the landing area. In order to avoid any injury, the landing area will be filled with silicon sand that will remain loose to give a humble way during landing time. This field event is granted a limited run-up before any jump. This competition area has a runway and the takeoff board. The runway must be 40m long and 1.22m wide. The dimensions of the take-off board are as follows; 10dm in depth, 1.22m in length and 20cms in width. A board of plasticine is placed near the landing area so that it records the footprint of the athlete especially when there is a foot fault. In addition, the surface of the sand ought to be on the level with the top of the take-off board. Figure 1.0: The competition area (IAAF 3 Hans Crescent, “Basic Coaching Manual”). Among the major bones, muscles and joints that are utilized in executing the movement include; The major bones and joints Major muscles As a field and track event, it is subdivided into two parts, namely sprinting and jumping. The sprinting part comprises of two phases. The driving phase is when the leg is in contact with the ground and also there is a recovery phase. The fundamental bones that participate in the above mentioned phases are; the hip (the femur and pelvic girdle) that makes a ball and socket joint, the knee (the femur and tibia) that forms a hinge joint and lastly the ankle (the calcaneus and the tibia) that will form a modified joint. The muscles and joint actions during the driving phase of the hip comprises of the gluteal group and the joint actions of extension and hyper extension. At the knee, it utilizes the quadriceps group of muscles in the extension joint action whereas the ankle utilizes the gastrohemius and a plantar flexion. Alternatively, the Iliopsoas and flexion are used at the hip during the recovery phase. Whereas, the knee will use the flexion and the hamstrings and the ankle will utilize the Tibialis anterior and the dorsi flexion. The table below illustrates the major joints and their related actions during the long jump. The major muscles and their associated actions The movement at the job is effected by the agonist muscle. For the antagonist muscle, it aids in the production of a coordinated movement. Its action is opposite that of agonist muscle. For instance, the antagonistic muscle action implies that as the agonist muscle shortens its counterpart the antagonist lengthens so that movement can occur with ease. It can be noted that the leg flexes at the hip joint during the execution phase of the jumping whereby the Iliopsoas at as an agonist and the Gluteus Maximus lengthens for it to acts as the antagonist. Nonetheless, during the take-off phase of the jump, the knee will extends by shortening the muscles of the quadriceps so that it can acts as the agonist while lengthening the muscles of the hamstrings in order to act as an antagonist. The table below shows the major muscles actions during the long jump. Phase Joint Type Articulating bones Joint/Musle Action Agonist Muscle Antagonist muscle Right Hip Ball and socket (Acetabulum of) pelvis, (head of) femur Flexion Iliopsoas Gluteus maximus Right Knee Hinge Femur, tibia Flexion Biceps femoris / semitendinosus / semimembranosus Recturs femoris Left Ankle Hinge Femur, tibia, fibula Plantar flexion Gastrocnemius Tibialis anterior Long jumping as a field and track event can be subdivided into three phases namely; preparation phase, action phase and follow through phase. The preparation phase encompasses from the speed of the run-up to the take-off board. The approach run comprises of the speed fitness component which is fundamental in executing a good jump. Both the approach speed and the run represent the most influential factors that demands the jump distance. Because of this, a jumper is expected to have a well-executed approach speed and run for optimum performance. Furthermore, he should be creative by moving one arm forward and the other one forward, with both feet doing the same, thus this process allows maximum speed to be created with little energy being used. Angular momentum is vital during the takeoff and flight phase of the jump as the athlete tries to make a longer jump. The major bones utilized during this phase are; hip (femur and pelvic girdle that forms a ball and socket joint), the knee (femur and tibia that forms a hinge joint), the ankle (tibia and calcaneus that forms a modified joint). The knee makes use of quadriceps group of muscles during the extension joint action whereas the ankle uses the gastrocnemius and a planar flexion. At the action phase, an athlete does approach the board with his /her leg extending down into the takeoff board. When the leg lands on the board, gastrocnemius, the glutes, hamstrings and glutes are used to push off. This takes place when the other leg is at approximately 90 degrees angle. The joints involved are the hinge joint in the toes, the ball and socket joints at the hip and shoulder and the condyloid joints at the ankle. During the follow through phase, biceps, triceps, latissimus dorsi and trapezius are used. As the legs are being brought back, the arms at the same time are rotating around the ball and socket joint at the shoulder and later extend out for form an extension. The succeeding phase that involves the extension of the legs before landing will use quadriceps, hamstrings, gastrocnemius, trapezius and latissimus dorsi, the ball and socket joint at the hip, at the ankle is condyloid joint, hinge joint at the knee. Before any landing, the legs need to adduct to finish off the jump and land properly with both legs. Section 2 The energy system utilized during the long jump includes the following; ATP-PC system, lactic acid system and aerobic system. The ATP-PC system utilizes creatine phosphate that is stored in the muscles. This chemical fuel normally breaks down aerobically to phosphate and creatine so that it releases energy to resynthesize ATP. This system can yield much ATP at a very rapid speed. During the long jump activity, the ATP is broken down at a cross-bridge to ADP and Pi to provide energy for the collapse of cross bridge (Hay, 1998). The lactic acid energy system utilizes only one food fuel-CHO in the form of glucose. It is stored in the liver and muscle in glycogen form. The system can yield ATP at a faster rate and is used for high intensity and short duration activities, for instance that takes three minutes such as long jump. Generally, this system is associated with long muscular endurance, anaerobic, speed and muscular power during jumping (Hay, 1998). In the aerobic energy system, three food fuels such as protein, fats and CHO are used. The system is able to yield ATP at a slower rate but eventually supply large amount of ATP during an intensive long jump. Carbon dioxide, water and heat are the three by-products produced by the system. Consequently, this system is fundamental in activities that have sub-maximum density and of long durations of up to 3 minutes of continuous work (Hay, 1998). Long jump fitness training session for a period of two weeks Conditioning phase Month: March Condition Exercise M T W T F S S M T W T F S S Muscle Endurance 5x 100 m / 75%/ rest 1 min √ √ √ 4x 150 m / 75%/ rest 1½ min √ √ √ √ 3x 200 m / 75%/ rest 3 min Speed Endurance 3x 100m step-down / 1 min. rest √ √ √ 100m/150m/200m/90% / rest 1 min. √ √ √ 5x 100m hollow sprints / 1 min. rest √ √ √ Speed 100% 5x 50m / recover √ 5x flying 30’s / recover √ 5x 30m sprint from start / recover √ Strength 5x Hurdle bounding √ √ √ √ 5x box take-off √ √ √ √ 20x ankle reinforcing √ √ √ √ 20x wall bar √ √ √ √ Technique 5x bounding / take-off √ √ √ √ 5x sail √ √ √ √ 5x hurdle/ball √ √ √ √ Rhythm 5x 50m straight leg drills √ √ √ √ 5x 50m long / short leg drills √ √ √ √ 5x 50m front / side drills √ √ √ √ Rest √ √ √ √ √ √ Table 1.3: Long jump fitness training session for two weeks (Source: IAAF 3 Hans Crescent, “Basic Coaching Manual”). Reference IAAF 3 Hans Crescent, Basic Coaching Manual, Knightbridge, London SWIX 0LN, England. Print Malcolm Arnold, Long Jump, British Amateur Athletic Board, Edgbaston House, 3 Duchess Place, Birmingham B16 8NM. Print Hay, J.G. ‘Approach strategies in the long jump’. International Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 4: 114–129, 1988.Print Hay, J.G., Miller, J.A. and Canterna, R.W., ‘The techniques of elite male long jumpers’. Journal of Biomechanics, 19: 855–66, 1986.Print Hay, J.G., Thorson, E.M. and Kippenhan, B.C. ‘Changes in muscle-tendon length during the take-off of a running long jump’. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17: 159–72, 1999. Print Rob Duffield, Brian Dawson, Published in New Studies in Athletics, Energy system contribution in track running, 2003.Print Read More

The table below shows the major muscles actions during the long jump. Phase Joint Type Articulating bones Joint/Musle Action Agonist Muscle Antagonist muscle Right Hip Ball and socket (Acetabulum of) pelvis, (head of) femur Flexion Iliopsoas Gluteus maximus Right Knee Hinge Femur, tibia Flexion Biceps femoris / semitendinosus / semimembranosus Recturs femoris Left Ankle Hinge Femur, tibia, fibula Plantar flexion Gastrocnemius Tibialis anterior Long jumping as a field and track event can be subdivided into three phases namely; preparation phase, action phase and follow through phase.

The preparation phase encompasses from the speed of the run-up to the take-off board. The approach run comprises of the speed fitness component which is fundamental in executing a good jump. Both the approach speed and the run represent the most influential factors that demands the jump distance. Because of this, a jumper is expected to have a well-executed approach speed and run for optimum performance. Furthermore, he should be creative by moving one arm forward and the other one forward, with both feet doing the same, thus this process allows maximum speed to be created with little energy being used.

Angular momentum is vital during the takeoff and flight phase of the jump as the athlete tries to make a longer jump. The major bones utilized during this phase are; hip (femur and pelvic girdle that forms a ball and socket joint), the knee (femur and tibia that forms a hinge joint), the ankle (tibia and calcaneus that forms a modified joint). The knee makes use of quadriceps group of muscles during the extension joint action whereas the ankle uses the gastrocnemius and a planar flexion. At the action phase, an athlete does approach the board with his /her leg extending down into the takeoff board.

When the leg lands on the board, gastrocnemius, the glutes, hamstrings and glutes are used to push off. This takes place when the other leg is at approximately 90 degrees angle. The joints involved are the hinge joint in the toes, the ball and socket joints at the hip and shoulder and the condyloid joints at the ankle. During the follow through phase, biceps, triceps, latissimus dorsi and trapezius are used. As the legs are being brought back, the arms at the same time are rotating around the ball and socket joint at the shoulder and later extend out for form an extension.

The succeeding phase that involves the extension of the legs before landing will use quadriceps, hamstrings, gastrocnemius, trapezius and latissimus dorsi, the ball and socket joint at the hip, at the ankle is condyloid joint, hinge joint at the knee. Before any landing, the legs need to adduct to finish off the jump and land properly with both legs. Section 2 The energy system utilized during the long jump includes the following; ATP-PC system, lactic acid system and aerobic system. The ATP-PC system utilizes creatine phosphate that is stored in the muscles.

This chemical fuel normally breaks down aerobically to phosphate and creatine so that it releases energy to resynthesize ATP. This system can yield much ATP at a very rapid speed. During the long jump activity, the ATP is broken down at a cross-bridge to ADP and Pi to provide energy for the collapse of cross bridge (Hay, 1998). The lactic acid energy system utilizes only one food fuel-CHO in the form of glucose. It is stored in the liver and muscle in glycogen form. The system can yield ATP at a faster rate and is used for high intensity and short duration activities, for instance that takes three minutes such as long jump.

Generally, this system is associated with long muscular endurance, anaerobic, speed and muscular power during jumping (Hay, 1998). In the aerobic energy system, three food fuels such as protein, fats and CHO are used. The system is able to yield ATP at a slower rate but eventually supply large amount of ATP during an intensive long jump. Carbon dioxide, water and heat are the three by-products produced by the system.

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