Ariel Castro: Psychological and Social Profile - Research Paper Example

? Ariel Castro: Psychological and Social Profile 14 May Introduction May 6, is just an ordinary day for some people, but not for four captives. On that day, if Amanda Berry did not take the chance to call neighbors for help and if these neighbors did not promptly respond to her pleas, she and three other women, Gina DeJesus and Michelle Knight, including Berry’s six-year-old daughter, might have suffered for many more years, if they were not killed yet. As the authorities and the media conduct further inquiries and accumulate evidence, many people cannot understand how someone as “evil” as fifty-two-year-old Ariel Castro could keep three women under his control for ten years without being caught. The media showed that despite several domestic violence charges and neighborhood complaints against him, the police did not search Castro’s house enough to reveal his captives, three women, whom he treated as sex slaves for ten years, and the jury has not imprisoned him for any of the charges against him (The Associated Press, 2013a, 2013b; Meyer, 2013). The inhumanity of Castro’s personality deserves further objective inquiry. Because of the recentness of Castro’s capture, this paper has to predominantly rely on the news for information about his actions and identity. The news is not yet fully validated by police reports because of ongoing investigation and the sensitivity of the crimes. This paper’s analyses come from peer-reviewed journals and interviews with experts. The research questions are: Who is Ariel Castro? What made him do what he has done to these women? How can we avoid the social and psychological conditions that brought about his (under)development? This topic is personally important because of the value places in raising children in a humane society, so that crimes can be resolved. Society must also be concerned because people with psychological problems have social factors that affect their attitudes and behaviors. This paper aims to provide an overview of the latest news regarding Castro’s abductions and his victims; to present psychological and sociological analyses using primary and secondary sources; and to offer recommendations to parents, communities, the government, and people with APD, so that these events can be avoided in the future. Timeline of Kidnapping and Related Events After Amanda Berry ran to neighbors for help, the news of Castro’s atrocities continue to shock his neighbors and the public. All three women were kidnapped from Lorain Avenue. Their families filed reports that these women were missing, but the authorities did not find them and they did not have any strong leads (CNN, 2013). Michelle Knight, 21 during this time, was last seen on August 22, 2002. On April 21, 2003, Amanda Berry seemingly vanished before her seventeenth birthday, after her shift at a Burger King restaurant (CNN, 2013). On April 2, 2004, another fourteen-year-old girl became missing. Georgina DeJesus was last seen calling a pay phone with a friend to ask her friend’s mother if they could sleep over at DeJesus' house, but the mother said no (CNN, 2013). Some calls to the police showed that several people suspected something was wrong with Castro’s home. On November 2011, Israel Lugo, one of Castro’s neighbors, called police when he heard yelling in Castro’s house (CNN, 2013). The police came, but they left when no one answered the door (CNN, 2013). In the same month, another neighbor said that he called the police after seeing a woman in Castro’s attic window, but Cleveland police said that they did not have records of this call (CNN, 2013). The courts have met Castro several times in the past too. In 1993, Castro was arrested because of a domestic violence charge. He spent three days in jail before he was released on bail (Associated Press, 2013a). A grand jury did not push an indictment against him, based on court documents, which do not have details regarding allegations, including the identity of the person who brought the charges against him (Associated Press, 2013a). In 2005, Castro’s common-law wife, Grimilda Figuero, filed for domestic violence charges. She accused her husband of breaking her nose twice, knocking out a tooth, dislocating her shoulders, and threatening to kill her and her daughters three or four times for that year (Associated Press, 2013a). Figueroa said that Castro recurrently abducted her daughters and separated them from her (Associated Press, 2013a). The three victims of Castro urged the media for their privacy after their horrendous experience. They did not believe that Castro's two brothers were involved in these crimes (Associated Press, 2013a). Prosecutors did not charge Pedro Castro or Onil Castro because they had no evidence. Investigators said that Castro lured these women to ride his car (Associated Press, 2013a). Moreover, the news noted that the three women “relied on each other for survival” (CNN, 2013). They had some degree of interaction, but they stayed in separate rooms, according to a law enforcement source (Associated Press, 2013a). The day of freedom for the three women arrived. Investigators said that because of his hunger, Castro forgot to secure the main door and only locked the screen door (CBS News, 2013). On May 6, 2013, Berry screamed for help through a crack in the screen door. Angel Cordero and Charles Ramsey claimed that they helped her and kicked the door open. They called 911. Berry told 911: “I’ve been kidnapped, and I've been missing for 10 years. And I'm here. I'm free now” (CNN, 2013). The police arrived and discovered DeJesus and Knight. Three Castro brothers were detained for these women’s kidnapping, Ariel Castro, 54-year-old Pedro Castro and 50-year-old Onil Castro. On May 8, 2013, Ariel Castro faced charges of kidnapping and rape, according to Victor Perez, chief assistant prosecutor for the city of Cleveland (CNN, 2013). Castro's two brothers were not charged because of lack of evidence (CNN, 2013). Castro has waived his rights and is working with investigators, Edward Tomba, deputy police chief said. Castro is held for an $8 million bond. Lead prosecutor in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, Timothy McGinty said he would press for additional charges “for each and every act of sexual violence ... each day of kidnapping, every felonious assault (and) all his attempted murders” (CNN, 2013). He aims for the grand jury to indict Castro for “aggravated murder” for the abortion of his captives’ pregnancies (CNN, 2013). Psychological and Social Analyses This section narrates some information about Ariel Castro’s life. It will be followed by a description of Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD), and how it applies to him. The analyses include social and psychological factors that may have caused his APD and sociopathic behaviors. Ariel Castro’s Life At present, Ariel Castro has not yet provided a complete account of his biography for the press, so who he is can be understood from people’s perceptions of him. Cesi Castro, Ariel’s uncle, said he saw Ariel as his “special nephew” because he was smarter than others: “There are very few people who can teach themselves how to play the bass” (Roig-Franzia et al., 2013, p.2). While young, Ariel Castro became an expert in “the plena,” “a folkloric style of Puerto Rican music” and he could play almost all its musical instruments (Roig-Franzia et al., 2013, p.2). For two years, he had a band. They played salsa, meringue, and jazz, and they became one of the top three Latin bass players in the city during the 1990s, according to Nunez, who was a band member too (Roig-Franzia et al., 2013, p.2). Castro met his wife, Figueroa, while only 20 years old. Their relationship started fine, until Castro showed his violent side. In the 1990s, he pushed his wife down the stairs. His wife’s father and a few relatives retaliated by beating Castro up, but he did not fight them back (Roig-Franzia et al., 2013, p.2). Ariel had several jobs, including being a factory worker and a bus driver. His wife left him sometime in the 1990s because of domestic abuse. CBS News senior investigative producer Pat Milton said that Castro thought about suicide, using his suicide note as evidence. FBI agents discovered the note in his house (CBS News, 2013). In this letter, he narrated his life and revealed that his parents maltreated him, while an uncle sexually abused him (CBS News, 2013). CBS News correspondent Dean Reynolds said that Castro illustrated that he was a “sexual predator,” but he blamed the women for their abduction because they went with him and entered his car (CBS News, 2013). In his note, Castro mentioned that in case he died, he wanted his money to be donated to his victims (CBS News, 2013). Castro portrayed a paradox, showing no remorse during his capture, but seemingly having a conscience in his suicide note. Psychological Analysis Dr. Paul W. Ragan is the medical director of New Life Lodge, a Drug & Alcohol Treatment Center in Burns, Tennessee, provided a preliminary analysis for Castro’s case. He described him as a sociopathic wife batterer. Ragan (2013) said: “He had the sociopathic instincts of how to psychologically terrorize, demoralize, and ‘break down’ his victims with beatings chainings, rapes, and basement imprisonment.” Because of his physical and psychological tortures on these women, Ariel was able to control them for a long time. Moreover, Castro is described as being a sociopath with Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD). The psychological criteria for APD are criticized as being vague, however, because they overlap with the criteria for psychopathy and sociopathy, where the last two still have some differences (Pemment, 2013, p.80; Walsh & Wu, 2008, p.136). APD is illustrated in the DSM-IV as “a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood” (APA, 1994, p.645, as cited in Walsh & Wu, 2008, p.136). Psychopaths and sociopaths can demonstrate APD. At present, the DSM-IV has categorized personality disorders into clusters because of common features, and APD belongs to the dramatic-eccentric-emotional cluster, which is composed of Borderline Personality Disorder, Histrionic Personality Disorder, and Narcissistic Personality Disorder (Pemment, 2013, p.80). People who have these disorders have “zero degrees of empathy,” where they “have no awareness of how [they] come across to others, how to interact with others, or how to anticipate their feelings or reactions. [Their]Empathy Mechanism functions at Level 0” (Pemment, 2013, p.80). As a result, they have a hard time maintaining close social relationships, though they can appear normal to other people (Pemment, 2013, p.80). APD is a clinical/legal label that psychiatrists assign to people who show three or more of the following behaviors before reaching the age of 15, where each of these characteristics will be applied to Castro’s case: 1) “Failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors indicated by repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest” (Walsh & Wu, 2008, p.136). Castro does not conform to social norms, especially lawful behaviors. Figueroa’s family already reported that Ariel Castro physically and mentally abused his wife. Castro became more domineering of his wife after they had a house of their own, often beating her up and even shutting her into a cardboard box and telling her: “You’re not going to get out of that box until I tell you to get out of that box!” (Roig-Franzia et al., 2013, p.3). Angel Caraballo, Castro’s nephew, said that Castro liked to play power games. He would pretend to leave the house and sneak, so he could monitor the phone from an extension line (Roig-Franzia et al., 2013, p.3). If his wife called anyone, he would beat her up (Roig-Franzia et al., 2013, p.3). He and his wife separated sometime in the 1990s, although Castro beat her up again in 2005 (Roig-Franzia et al., 2013, p.3). Castro had problems following responsibilities as a school bus driver too. On January 2004, the police visited Ariel Castro’s house because of a complaint that he had left a child alone, when he worked before as a bus driver. They knocked, but no one answered, so they left (CNN, 2013). Nevertheless, Castro received a suspension for 60 days for this infraction (CNN, 2013). 2) “Deceitfulness, as indicated by repeated lying, use of aliases, or conning others for personal profit or pleasure” (Walsh & Wu, 2008, p.136). Castro’s neighbors and closest kin did not suspect that he can take three women as his captives for ten years. Some relatives of Castro said they were shocked by the allegations against him. An uncle, Julio Castro, said he could not believe the news. He said: “Of course we have taken it hard. We only knew one Ariel, my sweet nephew. He was a sweet, happy person, a musician. We didn't have the slightest idea of the second person in him” (USA Today, 2013). Arlene Castro, 22, did not suspect anything about her father, although her mother reported that Ariel threatened her and her daughters repeatedly (Associated Press, 2013a). Arlene Castro said that she was with DeJesus before the latter was kidnapped, and she felt “embarrassed” and “devastated” because of what her father did to her friend (Associated Press, 2013a). When asked if she knew anything about her father’s actions, she said: “I had no idea” (Associated Press, 2013a). She admitted that she and her father were not very close and had short conversations for the past few years (Associated Press, 2013a). Another of Castro’s daughter, Angie Gregg, stated that their father did not physically or sexually abuse them and instead, their mother was the abused one. She said: “I've seen him basically stomp on her like she was a man” (USA Today, 2013). Gregg mentioned peculiar behaviors from her father, which now made sense, such as taking a long time to open the door, interfering with family travel plans because he did not want to leave his house for more than a day, and he frequently played loud music whenever relatives visited (perhaps to drown noise from his captives) (USA Today, 2013). They were clueless that his father was doing something wrong in the house. (3) “Impulsivity or failing to plan ahead” (Walsh & Wu, 2008, p.136). Castro is reported to say to the media that he could not understand why he needed to abduct another woman when he had two of them already (CBS News, 2013). He also failed to plan ahead and admitted he had no exit plan, so he knew he was going to be caught sooner or later (CBS News, 2013). (4) “Irritability and aggressiveness, as indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults” (Walsh & Wu, 2008, p.136). Castro’s victims revealed that they endured repeated sexual and physical assault, and they were bound in ropes and chains most of the time (CNN, 2013). They were allowed outside rarely and when they do, they wore disguises to walk to a garage that was only a few steps away (Associated Press, 2013a). Assistant county prosecutor Brian Murphy stated that Castro use the women “in whatever self-gratifying, self-serving way he saw fit” (Associated Press, 2013a). Castro also got them pregnant. Knight informed investigators that Castro made her pregnant “at least five times,” but each time he would starve her and punch her stomach, so that she would have a miscarriage (CBS News, 2013). She never received medical treatment for her miscarriages. Castro, however, wanted his daughter with Berry to be born, not aborted. Knight said that Berry gave birth in a plastic swimming pool, where Castro threatened to kill her if the baby died (CBS News, 2013). When the baby did not breathe, Knight resuscitated it (CBS News, 2013). (5) “Reckless disregardful for safety of self or others” (Walsh & Wu, 2008, p.136). Aside from his victims, Castro battered his wife numerous times. He does not care for the safety of his wife or his captives. (6) “Consistent irresponsibility, as indicated by repeated failure to sustain consistent work behavior or honor financial obligations” (Walsh & Wu, 2008, p.136). Castro has been charged for not doing his bus driver responsibilities properly (CBS News, 2013). His family reported that he has shown violent behavior against his wife and even abducted his children several times (CBS News, 2013). (7) “Lack of remorse, as indicated by being indifferent to or rationalizing having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from another” (Walsh & Wu, 2008, p.136). Castro does not show remorse for his actions, according to the media. WKYC Channel 3 News observed that during police interrogation, Ariel Castro called himself “coldblooded,” a sex addict, and incapable of controlling his impulses (Meyer, 2013). He gave many details on his kidnapping of Michelle Knight, Amanda Berry and Gina DeJesus, including how he met them and what he wore each abduction day (Meyer, 2013). He was noted as “cocky” during his interview, and showed remorse only because he was caught, according to WKYC Channel 3 News (Meyer, 2013). Biological and Physical Causes of APD Biological causes. Some studies suggested that sociopathy may have biological or genetic causes. Walsh and Wu (2008) stated that sociopaths have a lesser degree of genetic disposition compared to psychopaths, and are more determined by parental competence (p.143). Pemment (2013) reported neurological impairments that come with having APD, according to several neurological studies. He noted the study of Raine et al. (2000), where they learned that around 11% of those with APD had significant absence of grey matter in the prefrontal regions, citing that serious developmental problems might have affected the proper development of their brains (as cited in Pemment, 2013, p.80). Pemment (2013) further mentioned studies that showed missing or weak SNAP 25 proteins in the brain and genetic abnormality of the Monoamine Oxidase A (MAO-A) (p.82). He stressed also that maltreatment can increase APD risks for children with MAO problems. Castro’s neurological conditions have not been studied yet, so it is unclear if the same neurological ailments are evident in him. Physical and sexual abuse. Castro claimed that he was physically abused by his parents, and that his uncle sexually abused him (CBS News, 2013). The media were not able to provide interviews that would confirm or disprove these allegations though. Authorities have not been reported to comment on this matter. If these claims are true, Castro has experienced physical and sexual abuse as a child. Walsh and Wu (2008) reviewed literature on the effect of child abuse on antisocial behavior, and findings showed that child abuse and neglect can result to antisocial behavior (p.147). APD that can have sociopathic dimensions can be explained by imbalance in brain development and/or weak autonomous nervous system functioning (Walsh & Wu, 2008, p.147). Social Analysis of Social Causes of APD Family. Sociopaths and people with APD tend to come from families with problematic backgrounds. Ariel Castro’s father, Nano, abandoned his family, when his sons were still young (Roig-Franzia, Markon, & Lazo, 2013, p.2). Cesi Castro, one of Ariel’s uncles, shared in an interview: “Their mother raised them all by herself” (Roig-Franzia et al., 2013, p.2). Ariel Castro grew up without a father, although he had uncles nearby. Walsh and Wu (2008) stressed the role of parental competence in sociopathy. They mentioned the work of Lykken (1995), who argued that sociopaths are more dangerous than psychopaths because the former are increasing in number more than the latter, due to poor parenting practices of modern times (Walsh & Wu, 2008, p.144). Malone, Westen, and Levendosky (2011) reported from their study of 203 adults, who had experiences of traumatic separations from their parents or attachment figures, tend to develop personality problems. One of the resulting subtypes is that of the psychopath, which share APD similarities in behaviors: “The adult psychopathic subtype had little empathy for others and was characterized as manipulative and impulsive, with the tendency to engage in criminal acts,” and “psychopathy is characterized by behavioral components (impulsive acts and delinquent or criminal activity) common to not only antisocial diagnoses but also an emotional and interpersonal component characterized by a lack of empathy and guilt” (Malone et al., 2011, p.1274). Their findings showed that psychopaths have APD behaviors too. Walsh and Wu (2008) noted cohort studies, where living single-parent households, especially fatherless ones, tend to increase risks of criminal behaviors for children (p.144). This does not mean that single-parenting per se is of lower quality than double parenting, although having two parents can have protecting effects against criminality for children (Walsh & Wu, 2008, p.145). Ariel Castro showed that he could not control his sexual appetite, and he lured and maintained his captives through manipulation and deceit. He seemed to normal to others, but his family saw his darker side. Lack of strong social ties. Jaffee, Strait, and Odgers (2012) reviewed a wide range of statistical methods and research designs that examine the threats to causal inference regarding APD. They learned that there are eight robust risk factors for antisocial behavior and they are “smoking during pregnancy, harsh discipline, maltreatment, divorce, teen parenthood, parental psychopathology (including depression, antisocial behavior, and alcohol use problems), peer deviance, and social disadvantage (including poverty and neighborhood disadvantage)” (Jaffee et al., 2012, p.277). Relationship problems can lead to development of APD. If Ariel grew in a place where his friends were also violent, or where violence against women is the norm, these cultural and social ties can influence his APD development. Poverty. Poverty is also considered as a factor in developing personality problems, as nurture factors can reinforce genetic risks for violence and narcissism, among other delinquent behaviors and attitudes (Walsh & Wu, 2008, p.146). Walsh and Wu (2008) noted that single-household families tend to be poor, and their children tend to grow in neighborhoods where violence and poverty are prevalent (p.146). These conditions can impact the personality of children, making them prone to anger and disrespectful of laws and authorities (Walsh & Wu, 2008, p.146). Jevtic (2011) reviewed recent studies on antisocial behavior and stressed that poverty can lead to adolescents feeling powerless, so deviancy is their way of acquiring power (p.27). Castro is considered a working-class person. He might have held factory jobs, but he continued to be a musician for some time, during his youth, while he worked as a school bus driver for the past few years (Roig-Franzia et al., 2013, p.2). He lived in a poor neighborhood, wherein many business establishments near his house are out of business already. His poverty might have affected his development of APD. Recommendations This section provides recommendations to different stakeholders. They apply to parents, communities, the government, and people with APD. To Parents If APD starts during childhood or manifests during teenage years because of family and other harmful environmental factors, parents have a large role to play in preventing it. They should be able to provide a nurturing environment, even when they have low socio-economic status. If parents cannot stay together, they can access counseling for single parents that can help them develop parenting strategies (i.e. helping children build strong moral codes). These strategies can help their children cope with the traumatic effects of severed ties with attachment figures (Malone et al., 2011, p.1274). An authoritative parenting style is recommended because it sets rules for children, and yet it does not remove caring and love in nurturing their children. In addition, parents should also seek help for their children if they show APD and other psychological problems. To Communities and Society Communities must be vigilant of people with APD, psychopathy, and sociopathy. Every community must have volunteer community members who are helping the police ensure peace and order in their communities. They must be familiar of all community residents, so they can identify strangers who might be victims or violent perpetrators. It will also be useful to build strong community ties through having regular community activities, where people can relax and interconnect with one another. Finally, they should have resources, if not have access to resources, where people with personality problems can get the treatment and attention they need. To the Government The government should subsidize studies that study proper treatment and approaches for people with APD, psychopathy, and sociopathy. This must include pharmacological and clinical treatments, especially for APD people with brain dysfunction problems. Furthermore, law enforcement must be empowered to search houses, where neighbors have repeatedly reported suspicious activities. To People with APD If people with APD have neurological problems, such as deficiency in brain matter and other genetic factors, treatment is challenging, especially due to lack of studies that find treatment for these concerns. At the same time, since APD share the same features as other psychiatric illnesses, pharmacological or clinical treatments are hard to determine (Pemment, 2013, p.82). Furthermore, Pemment (2013) and McRae (2013) noted the difficulties of treating people with APD because not many want to seek for treatment in the first place, unless they are offered incentives, such as parole (p.82). Cullen et al. (2012) studied if participation in the Reasoning and Rehabilitation (R&R) program decreased violence and antisocial behavior in this population in 84 mentally disordered offenders (MDOs). When they controlled psychopathic traits, they learned that the treatment significantly reduced incidents of violence, verbal aggression, and leave violations, and verbal aggression and substance abuse effects were maintained for twelve months after treatment (Cullen et al., 2012, p.1114). The problem is that half of those who received R&R did not complete the treatment. Hence, treatment can help, but people with APD must ask for and complete them. Conclusion The case of Ariel Castro is not a show from Criminal Minds. He is a real person with real victims. This paper does not reduce the aspect of free will in his actions, but expands the analysis of his behavior. As a sociopath with APD, Castro is responsible for his crime, but society must also help prevent the likes him multiplying in modern society. Parents and neighborhoods have a large role to play in preventing the development of delinquent behaviors that can spiral to APD through encouraging the proper development of morality and social ties, especially during challenging family problems. Society cannot completely prevent another Ariel Castro, but different stakeholders groups can work together to reduce the conditions that produce one. References Associated Press, The. (2013a, May 9). Ariel Castro's daughter 'devastated' over father's rape charges. CBC News. Retrieved from http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2013/05/09/cleveland-missing-women-castro-court-berry.html ---. (2013b, May 10). Ariel Castro is the father of Amanda Berry's daughter. CBC News. Retrieved from http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2013/05/10/ariel-castro-cleveland-kidnapping-rape-charges.html CBS News. (2013, May 9). In note, Ariel Castro claimed he was sexually abused as a child. CBC News. 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Ariel Castro, Cleveland suspect, has a dark past that foreshadowed crimes he’s now accused of. The Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/cleveland-suspect-ariel-castros-american-dream-darkened-by-allegations-of-violence/2013/05/11/61302bd8-ba44-11e2-92f3-f291801936b8_story.html USA Today. (2013, May 10). Ariel Castro's family speaks out on abusive past. USA Today. Retrieved from http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/05/10/castro-family-ohio-kidnappings/2150331/ Walsh, A., & Wu, H. (2008). Differentiating antisocial personality disorder, psychopathy, and sociopathy: Evolutionary, genetic, neurological, and sociological considerations. Criminal Justice Studies, 21(2), 135-152. Read More