Ways of Exploring Clinical Problems - Coursework Example

Running head: Ways of Exploring Clinical Problems Student’s Name: Instructor’s Name: Coarse code: Institution: Date of Submission: Ways of Exploring Clinical Problems Dr Robert A. was in 1940 training in obstetrics and the study of what happened in the cases where husbands attended their wives’ delivery. His study concluded that women were more relaxed when they were in the presence of their husbands in delivery rooms (Robert, 1962). He also was quick to note that, these women were tense and stressed when the husbands left the room. He was once a victim of a woman who gave birth without a man by his side. In his narration, he claims to have been kissed and hugged by the woman several times before the husband came in only to be shocked of the experience. To him, he took this as a challenge and was on support of the idea that men should be in the delivery room to support the mothering process (Robert, 1962). As many other medical establishments, the Mayo Foundation located in Minnesota, has been against the presence of fathers in the delivery room and have denied husband the chance severally on delivery occasions. They base all this on ethical issues of delivery that strangers should not be in a delivery room because it is a risk and could contaminate the instruments used in the delivery practice (Dye, 1980). Dr Robert A. continues in his book Father’s Presence in Delivery Rooms to make analysis of 4,000 cases of husband’s presence in birthing as coaches. His argument was that men were supposed to stick close during delivery as coaches helping mothers deliver successfully. Their presence to him could give praise, assurance and encouragement to the mothers to allow a smooth progress in delivery (Tina, 2007). His writings have been of value in many cases with many Western cultures changing their perceptions and changing their years of tradition by accepting the presence of men. In 18th-century England, husbands could stay for up to a month before they saw their women after delivery (Sylvia, 2008). They also could not engage in sexual intercourse for a period not less than three months. This faded the sexual relations between partners and was a major contributor of second wife marriages by the husbands (Johnson, 1970). This was against Robert’s point of argument because he prompted the presence of men after which they would join the wives at home in the child bearing period. However, they later changed perceptions and adopted his idea. Christopher wrote in his book that midwives could not carry out the birthing process on their own. They needed and still need the physical presence of men. This is to help hold the mother while she is pushing and comfort her during the period (Christopher, 2008). He also wrote on some case studies where men were at times instructed by midwives to mount their wives to assist in lubricating and opening the canal (Rosemary, 2007). This gives the men a chance to be closer to their wives because there is no other man allowed to take such a responsibility. His ideas are in support of Aristotle a great philosopher, who wrote that although couples should completely avoid sex during pregnancy, at times, they should have sexual intercourse with the spouse sometime before the birthing process. This is to shake up the child, bringing it out easily (Kaplan, 1995). Guillemeau, was also a scholar of the 17th-century who argued that sex is important during labor because sperms have the prostaglandin hormone that is helpful in opening up the cervix. Venom added that this in turn makes sexual relations a no big deal after delivery because men do not fear approaching the topic (Vernon, 2006). Block, another scholar, explains the issue in his way concerning men’s presence in the delivery room. He says that the issue of sexual behavior changing after witnessing women delivering is realistic, but he quickly notes that it can be avoided by preparing both partners on what happens during the occasion. He narrates the case of Mount Sinai Hospital in 1952 when father’s participation in prenatal classes was necessary. The spouse lessons included demonstrations on the delivery process and some parts of baby care at birth. It also gave advice on sexuality after giving birth taking the couples in lessons well in hand for the preparations of such moments. He says that this is what ought to happen in all issues related to the birthing suite (Block, 1981). A study conducted at Middlesex Hospital, interviewed fathers as well as their partners on the issue of men’s presence, months after the delivery experience. The men were very happy and responded positively to the idea that they should be there. The study progressed and separately, the men were asked what the experience added to their relationships and the story was different. They claimed that getting the picture of their delivering wives off the head, was very difficult and it compromised their sexual relations after few months of the experience (Tina, 2007). Exploratory research is the best approach for this research on men’s presence in a birth suite and its effect later in the couple’s sexual relationships (Russell, 2006). The approach is the most appropriate to give an analysis of the topic. On issues regarding clinical problems, especially a subject on men’s presence in a birth suite, there is less that has been said and written on the topic. Mostly, scholars avoid the topic concentrating on what goes on during the birth suite and the role that different gender plays in the success of the birth process. The aftermath of the presence of men in the later sexual life with their partners has also not been featured a lot from the author’s point of view (Tina, 2007). People talk little about their relationships especially on sexual matters. This has always been a tabooed topic and many people tend to keep it as a secret. From what we know, sexual matters are sacred and a secret between the two. Talking it loud in public has been the hardest thing that even scholars and professionals face a challenge on in an attempt to tackle it (Robert, 1962). Another part relating to the topic is the way people forget the birth suite experiences once the child has been born. There is always joy of the newborn in the delivery room. This shadows anything else that was present during the time (Tina, 2007). People instead concentrate on talking about what they feel about having a newborn and care less about who was present during delivery. The newborn unites the men and women after birth and rarely do people care to remember anything concerning the birth suite experience (Tina, 2007). However, there are some critics about men’s presence arguing that they should be kicked out of the delivery rooms. Their base of argument is that men’s presence creates a tense environment with women having problems of delivery due to hormonal imbalances (Robert, 1962). The men experiencing birth process also undergo trauma that hits them. Though it might not have a direct effect, their perceptions on sexual matters changes a little bit (Maurice, 2007). After witnessing such a horror moment for her wife, it is unclear on the next time he decides when the woman is ready to have sexual intercourse or when she heals completely. There is that level of anxiety and secretiveness between the two (Block, 1981). Knowing this has always been the most difficult experience because gathering of data and information on the topic always becomes difficult to handle for researchers. To come into terms with the situation and know more, a research is ideal (Trochim, 2006). It should incorporate both men and women using separate interviews. This is because they fear discussing the topic when together. They might be relaxed when alone and sure that, confidentiality will be ensured. The exploratory approach deals with all myths and other taboos regarding the topic digging deep into the issue of sexuality (Russell, 2006). In this case, it does not seem like a research but a fact-finding mission. It will demystify all elements of this topic freeing people from the bonds of talking about sexuality. Because the information sought might be scanty and not the best in deducing analysis, an exploratory approach to the research will give insights on the issue and familiarize more on the research topic in the case of sexual matters. It also leads to a better investigation later in other studies (Trochim, 2006). The approach will gain information from the horse’s mouth. It will incorporate the information from the people who have been in the delivery room including the men and women learning how they view their experiences and their perception on whether it is fine with men being in the delivery room (Tina, 2007). It will also be good in gathering word of mouth on what effects the men’s experience in a birth suite have in their relationships after they experience the birthing process. There are other perceptions of the people in general basing their arguments on what they know and believe, inscribed to them culturally. In this case, there are rooted beliefs in people from what they culturally learn. This is a good base of justifying whether men should be in the birthing suite and if not, giving reasons why. In addition to this, it will reach out to seek people’s perspectives and general observations on what they perceive to be the effect of such men’s presence in the couple’s later relationships (Robert, 1962). The questions asked in an exploratory approach are general in nature and anyone is in a capacity to answer. These are general questions on the birth suite issue. They will therefore give a broad spectrum of people’s views from different perspectives and individual takes on the same issue. Regardless of what has been written and other scholarly works on the topic, the exploratory approach endeavors to get in detail about logical reasoning and application of logic in arguments. This will make it possible to cover even other issues hidden in the topic of discussion and capitalizing on personal experiences on the issue (Tina, 2007). The collection of data on the topic is specifically to help in answering the question of whether men should be in the birthing process and if they are involved, whether there is any effect in the couple’s sexual relationship after the experience (Robert, 1962). The data will also assist in analyzing the birthing process and the role each gender plays. From the data, deductions will also be possible in coming up with a conclusion of the research basing on the number of people against and those opposing the topic under study (Tina, 2007). From the study, there is a lot concerning the data to be collected. Some of the data will include the number of people who have ever had an experience in the birth suite and the role they ever played in the birthing process. It will also cover the number of people against or for the men’s process in birthing and the number of women who are comfortable or uncomfortable with men’s presence in birthing (Christopher, 2008). The number of men who are comfortable or uncomfortable being in the process will also be deduced. It will also reveal the stable relationships surpassing the birthing process, the unstable relationships after the birthing process and the nature of the couple’s relationships after the birthing process (Tina, 2007). The data will be collected in homes and medical centers or birth suite venues. It will be data from the people involved including men after the birth suite experience, women after they deliver and mid wives and nurses involved in the birthing process. Some people from the community neutral of the situation and never experienced a birth suite will also feature as part of the main research. It will also incorporate couples who had an experience sometimes before to deduce how they are fairing in sexual relationships (Robert, 1962). A case study is set to feature homes and couples that have ever featured in experiencing a birth suite for both partners. This will be ideal to analyze the case studies and derive information on people’s perceptions and the birth suite experience. Case studies will specifically involve married people who started as singles and with no babies and have experienced sexual relations from the grass roots together for a long period and gone through birthing together (Tina, 2007). To collect the data and perfect later analysis the use of questionnaires, interviews and observation will be ideal for the research (Russell, 2006). The methods perfectly suit deriving information on the topic under research bearing in mind that the pursuit is to have people perceptions and insights on what goes on after experiencing birthing together as a couple (Carol, 2002). In observations, it will be a general survey of the behavior of the couples during and after birth following up on their relationship and noting any changes for the good or bad regarding sexual relationships (Tina, 2007). A field study will also be involved as a method of research to derive information on the topic. Interviews will be conducted on a person-to-person basis with each separate partner interviewed separately. This is to avoid compromise and fault information because of confidentiality purposes (Trochim, 2006). The interview questions will be simple and direct to the point to facilitate easy analysis later on. The questionnaires will be structured for each group of people to deduce information require from the individuals (Russell, 2006). It will however incorporate all areas under study including the birthing experience and later effects in partner sexual relationships (Trochim, 2006). Sampling will use the random sampling technique (Russell, 2006). It is difficult to determine the time when men accompany women in their delivery room. Therefore, if by any chance one of the cases is spotted, this will be the first sample member (Trochim, 2006). The sample for men accompanying women will run consecutively picking anyone involved in the experience. The women delivering without the company of men will also have a sample of the representative population picking any of the women who deliver at anytime without a particular order. The midwives will be chosen from the people after the practice or those who ever facilitated birthing because they give almost similar information (Tina, 2007). This is to save time on interviews and questionnaires presented for the study. A random sample will also be chosen from the community members who have never had an experience of a birth suite just to get their perceptions on what they feel about the topic under study (Charles, 1994). The data collected will be analyzed using qualitative data analysis. This is because most of the information in qualitative in nature (Trochim, 2006) important in determining the effect men’s existence in a birth suite has on sexual relations of the partners. The data will include effects of men’s presence in the birth suite, attitudes of women in men’s presence, the sexual relationship status after the experience and many of qualitative data (Tina, 2007). First, a format easy to analyze will be produced inform of transcript for the interview process with the participants. The developed series of answers from the questionnaires will be helpful in making the analysis (Trochim, 2006). The research also prompts the putting down of field notes and memos to make the summary quite easy at the end of the research. The memos and notes will be used in analysis to highlight points and they will be analyzed when doing the analysis for the questionnaires and transcripts. Thematic analysis will be used in this research (Charles, 1994). The research revolves around a sexuality theme and this will be the basis of analysis. The analysis will be highly inductive, with themes emerging from the data. To facilitate success, the collection of data as well as data analysis will be dome simultaneously. Use of background reading will feature in the analysis to help analyze some upcoming themes during the research (Russell, 2006). Comparative analysis will also be used because of the difference in opinions. Regarding the issue under study, people are expected to have different opinions which is why they data has to be compared and contrasted to come up with clear analysis (Russell, 2006). Processing of data will then follow the process of analysis to complete the study findings. Computing software is available to process the data. The processing will however revolve around qualitative analysis programs (Charles 1994). In this study, definitely there are some of the validity and ethical issues. This pertains to the deriving of information for the research as well as interpretation. The issues serve as a challenge to conducting research and getting valid information. One thing about the research is that it is a sensitive topic (Tina, 2007). Many ethical issues lead to invalid data gathering in such a study. People tend to be partial in giving information and subjective in their reasoning. On the other note, this is a subject you get information from the experiences of people who have been there and witnessed, yet they are few in numbers especially men who ever had an experience of the birthing suite (Russell, 2006). The interviews conducted on individuals will provide varying information because of major influences including culture, relationships and external factors including presence of strangers (Charles, 1994). They give incorrect information just to avoid victimization and fear of the unexpected. Especially the married couples, they can give wrong information just to paint their sexual relations as perfect and nothing less (Corijn, 1996). Fabrication and falsification issues are a possibility in this research. Many people in relationships might fabricate what they hear from the perceptions of other people rather than giving information from their own point of view (Charles, 1994). The midwives information might also not be valid because they fear confidentiality on the part of the people they attend (Dye, 1980). Faulty data-gathering methods might engulf the process of data collection (Charles, 1994). It is a taboo to talk about sexual matters for some cultures and deriving information. Out of this, people might incorporate faulty methods for instance incomplete questionnaires and uncompleted interviews (Charles, 1994). Some questions for the interview and for the questionnaires might ask more of personal questions for instance the sexual relations of the person with the wife and its stability after the birthing experience and this makes it hard for the conservative people to give such information. These methods might lead to incomplete data and therefore leading to invalid conclusions and analysis. There is therefore a compromise of the research results following invalid information delivery (Trochim, 2006). The subject under study might also face misleading authorship. Many scholars have written their own ideas concerning the issue. They have their own subjective ideas regarding the subject under study (Charles, 1994). Some are for and others are against the presence of men in the delivery rooms. Their ideas are a major influence on the subject under study. These perceptions could have been read by people included in the study and changed their perceptions regarding the issue (Tina, 2007). In this case, the authorship has major influences in the results of the information they give in the course of research. They might argue from what they read rather than taking it real and giving accurate information (Trochim, 2006). The report from the study is subject to sneaky publication practices. Many people have interest in conducting research on men’s presence in birthing (Tina, 2007). There is not much information regarding the subject and a publication of the study might lead to other sneaky publication and plagiarizing of the information from the report. The publications might be a direct ethical issue since it will be against the research (Charles, 1994). Other ethical issues emerge on handling the subject thoroughly. It is unethical to query someone on matters of sexuality because these are more like private issues (Carol, 2001). Sexuality is a subject very delicate to handle because it is an individual matter. It is also unethical to get into someone’s private life including the marital status (Charles, 1994). In the course of the research, data collection might force the researcher to go in details of the status of the family also how their sexual practices fair during their marriage. It gets in detail on the sexual relations status before the experience at the birth suite and after the experience. This will be what the case studies will be deriving and going in detail for the completion of the research (Tina, 2007). References Block, C.R. (1981, April 1). Husbands Gate keeping in Childbirth. Family Relations, 30 (2): 197–204. Carol, M. (2001). Conceptualizing Women’s Sexual Problems. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 27, pp. 95-103 Carol, T. (2002). Beyond Dysfunction: A New View of Women's Sexual Problems. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 28(s): 225–232 Charles, C. (1994). Constructing Social Research: The Unity and Diversity of Method. Pine Forge Press. Christopher, B. (2008, November 14). Shrinking Woman. New York Times, 160 (1) Corijn, M. (1996). It Takes Two to Tango, Doesn’t It? The Influence of couple characteristics on the Timing of the Birth of the First Child. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58 (1): 117–126. Dye, N. (1980). History of Childbirth in America. Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 6 (1): 97–108. Johnson, V. (1970). Human Sexual Inadequacy. Boston: Little Brown Kaplan, H. (1995). The Sexual Desire Disorders. New York: Taylor & Francis Group. Maurice, W. (2007). Sexual Desire Disorders in Men. New York: The Guilford Press. Rosemary, B. (2007). Sexual Desire/Arousal Disorders in Women. New York: The Guilford Press. Robert, A. (1962). Fathers' Presence in Delivery Rooms. Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine. Russell, K. (2006, February 24). Investigating the Social World, Pine Forge Press Magazine. Sylvia, B. (2008). The Delivery Room: A Novel. London: Counterpoint. Tina, C. (2007, February 24). Confessions of a baby deliveryman. The Times Trochim, W. (2006). Research Methods Knowledge Base. Wadsworth Publishing. Vernon, D. (2006). Men at Birth. Canberra: Australian College of Midwives. Read More