Violence Prevention Campaigns - Literature review Example

Student Name: Tutor Title: Violence Prevention Campaigns Course Date Introduction Violence prevention is the most efficient method of reducing rampant cases of violence. It is globally identified that as a significant constituent of a nationwide approach to creating viable communities. Implementation and sustenance of efficient and effective crime preclusion programs can significantly contribute to the attainment of secure and safe societies through lessening the level of offense. Well designed interventions can deter victimization and crime, enhance community safety and significantly contribute to sustainable development of vivacious communities. Violence prevention especially sex violence can lessen long term costs connected with criminal justice scheme and both social and economic costs of crime. The prevention of crime needs individuals, communities, governments and non-governmental organizations to work jointly in a coordinated manner to create and implement efficient strategies to address violence prevention. This paper looks at violence prevention campaigns, how the relationship between violence and gender is presented in every campaign and the theories used in each campaign. Comparison of violence prevention campaigns ‘She didn’t want to but she couldn’t say no’ ‘She didn’t want to but she couldn’t say no is a campaign aimed at warning young adults on the relationships between rape and heavy drinking that is being used by the liquor control board of Pennsylvania. The ad is aimed to increase awareness on the ill impacts of drinking. This campaign is attempting to bring awareness to a severe problem of sexual abuse of women by men as a result of heavy drinking. Doll and Haas (2007) argue that the interactive ad clearly demonstrates that rape is not the fault of the victim and that people should have frank conversations on prevention of sex assault. The campaign is advocating for prevention of sex assault or rape through alcohol avoidance. Alcohol is the leading drug that facilitates rape. When a person is drunk she loses her capability to make reasonable decisions and therefore people need to be empowered with knowledge in order to be able to prevent sexual violence. In this campaign, it is clear that rape can be prevented by making probable victims more aware, through making young adults excess alcohol consumption raises their likelihood of being rape victims (Barnnet, Miller-Perrin, & Perrin, 2005). ‘My strength is not for hurting’ ‘My strength is not for hurting’ is an anti rape campaign that encourages men to use their strength in preventing violence against women. It takes the dictatorial significance of strength and combines it with usually contrasting nurturing priorities. This campaign appeals to the egos and strengths of men while directing them into undertaking the right thing. The campaign seeks to engage young males speak against sexual violence. It is a distinct initiative focused upon the prevention of first time commitment of sexual violence. This campaign is directed towards young males and highlights positive masculinity and enhances males to use their strength to take part in speaking against sexual assault (Weldon, 2002). ‘Acting like a dick doesn’t make you a man’ ‘Acting like a dick doesn’t make you a man’ is an anti sexual assault campaign aimed at deterring men to engage in sexual activities in order to prove their masculinity. Majority of men take part in sexual activities to prove that they have the capability to fulfill a woman’s sexual desires. Fear is the dominating emotion that propels the behavior of men; the terror of being subjugated, of being viewed as being weak and of being humiliated. This campaign is aimed at teaching males that engaging in sexual activity isn’t a good way of demonstrating their masculinity (World Health Organization, 2005).. Relationship between gender and violence in the different form of campaigns Relationship between gender and violence in ‘She didn’t want but she couldn’t say no’ campaign She didn’t want to but she couldn’t say no campaign presents how females can stop becoming victims of rape through avoiding drinking. According to Carrington (2006), young females represent the highest growing populace in juvenile justice schemes around the globe. Young females are highly likely to take part in focal concerns of the street based deviant youth subcultures like selling and consuming drugs. Young females are also have a high probability of being exposed to the low level intragroup aggression of the form that happens between and within other gang members, entailing female to male violence and male to female violence (Roth, 1993). Relationship between gender and violence in ‘My strength is not for hurting’ My strength is not for hurting is focused on engagement of men in prevention of violence against women. Instead of using their strength to hurt men, men are being urged to use this strength to speak against violence against women. According to Flood (2011), intentional attempts to change involvements of men in gender relationships are highly becoming common around the globe. Such attempts take numerous forms from government initiatives to grassroots mobilizations and are propelled by several agendas from antifeminist to feminist. At grassroots level, there exist pro-parity and antifeminist groups of men dedicating to pushing back the benefits of feminism. One of the most important attempts to change involvements of men in gender relations focuses on male’s violence against females. Just as My strength is not for hurting campaign advocate for involvement of men in violence prevention, there is increasing accord in violence deterrence circles that in order to terminate this violence, men must be involved and worked with. Whilst males have for a long time been addresses in tertiary and secondary based interventions as executors, they are now being viewed as partners in the prevention of violence. There are increasing attempts to involve men and boys in several capabilities connected with prevention of aggression against females, as policy makers, gatekeepers, advocates and activists (Flood, 2011). Relationship gender and violence in Acting like a dick doesn’t make you a man’ campaign Acting like a dick doesn’t make you a man campaign demonstrates sexual violence between males. According to Franklin, the surfacing of homosexual as a distinctive social category generated a novel symbol for males to compare themselves against. Homosexuality is perceived mainly as unusual gender identity, as divergent to sexual attraction and is therefore shorthand for masculine women and effeminate men who rebuffed socially forbidden sex roles. The horror of being branded a fag put pressure upon all males to kowtow to a slight standard of sex behavior. As heterosexuality turned out to be an increasingly fundamental constituent of masculinity identity, young males could display their masculinity via sexual conquest of women and also through public vilification of alleged homosexuals. Acting like a dick doesn’t make you a man aims at preventing sexual assaults of men by their fellow men. According to Franklin (2002), there are four major motivators for the antigay assault. The first is antigay ideology whereby assailants see themselves as enforcing social norms against this gender deviant behavior. The sendon is alleged self defense whereby victims of flirtation or homosexual aggression attack the sexual perpetrators. The other two motivators are mainly group connected in nature and support the notion that a lot of antigay is intended at displaying masculinity. Peer dynamics assault gays so as to verify their heterosexuality and toughness and to conform to the expectations of their friends. Thrill seekers assault gays in order to have fun, feel strong and lessen boredom. According to Pease (2004), if males are to take part in a prolific role in prevention of violence, they are required to use less time to counsel violent males and spend more time on transforming cultural supports for abuse and violence. It is apparent that an important influence on violence of males is peer support offered by pro-abuse males. In addition, their peers comprise a key barrier for males to change, as males who chose to change their lives act as a peril to other males. If pro- misused masculinities are reinstated by the profeminist sensibilities amongst bigger numbers of males, the patriarchal rules that stimulate aggression will be demoralized. Males must view it as their responsibility to work against male’s aggression and patriarchal schemes that hold it. Nevertheless, such a responsibility or duty both entails moral courage and also needs skill in the way to challenge other males. A societal norms framework can be useful in locating these issues and can be utilized to strengthen the ability of men to act against the problematical behavior of other males through supporting a culture of respect and safety (Pease, 2004). Relationships between campaigns and theories Relationship between ‘She didn’t want to but she couldn’t say no’ campaign and victimology theory ‘She didn’t want to but she couldn’t say no’ is a campaign connected to lifestyle theory of victimology. The campaign displays how the behavior or lifestyle of the casualty having a hand in the crime commited. The young lady is the victim of sex assault and she exposed herself as a crime by heavy drinking. According to Seigel (2006), a significant aspect of examining a violent offense is by understanding the victim and the link that their personality characteristics or lifestyle might have made the offender to select them as a victim. This doesn’t imply that the young lady who is the victim is being blamed for being a victim of sex assault. Burgess (2009) argues that lifestyle or exposure theory is a victimology model that hypothesizes that the probability a person will suffer personal victimization heavily depends on the notion of life style. It alleges that persons are targeted on the basis of their lifestyle selections which expose them to the criminal offenders as well as situations whereby crimes might be committed. This theory notes that a certain form of life style raises one’s exposure to illegal offenses and raises victimization risks, whilst other forms of life style might lessen risk. In the She didn’t want to but she couldn’t say no, the lady exposed her self to sexual assault through drinking, which made her unable to take her stand and say no. In this case reduced risk is associated with avoidance of drugs. If the young lady was sober, she could have confidentiality told the offender that she didn’t want sex. In reference to this theory, the possibility of crime is partially dependent on activities of a victim. There is a possibility of a crime to occur when a victim places herself in jeopardy. Apart from hypothesizing that victimization isn’t random but is rather a portion of lifestyle that a victim pursue, lifestyle theory cites that victims share personality characters also universally found within law violators, namely low self control and impulsivity. There relationship between perpetrators of offense and victims, with both displaying antisocial-like and impulsive behaviors. These behaviors might lead to their victimization because they cause the persons to place themselves at risk more than their conservative lifestyle counterparts (Burgess et al, 2009). Relationship between ‘My strength is not for hurting campaign and post-modern feminism theory ‘My strength is not for hurting’ is connected to post-modern feminism in that the campaign in concerned with involvement of men and boys in violence prevention. According to Flood, (2011), there is an influential ration for involving males in ending aggression against females, with three major elements. Firstly, attempts to deter violence against females must address males since hugely it is males who perpetrate violence. Secondly, masculinity constructions have a vital role in violence against females; at individual level, in relationships and families, in societies and communities. Male decision making in family and economic dominance is the greatest indicator of high degrees of aggression against women. These two insights require us to address masculinities and men in order to end aggression against women. Nevertheless, prevention of violence is function with men when are being fuelled by the third insight that males possess a constructive role in assisting to end aggression against females. Aggression is a subject of concern to men and women alike and males possess a chance in stopping violence against females. Whilst males get patriarchal dividend or a set of interpersonal and material privileges for the gendered schemes of equality, they can be stimulated to end violence against women by other interests such as personal well-being, relational interests, community and collective interests and principle (Flood, 2011). Relationship between ‘Acting like a dick doesn’t make you a man’ and hegemonic masculinity theory According to Connell, (2005), hegemonic masculinity is a culturally normative model of male behavior. The notion of hegemonic masculinity comes from empirically proved theory that there exists a hierarchy of male behavior, speculating that majority of societies support males to embody a prevailing version of manliness. This theory is competitive and reflects a propensity for men to want to dominate subordinate females and other males. Hegemonic masculinity is connected to certain ways of displaying and utilizing male’s bodies. In Acting like a dick doesn’t make you a man, males use their dicks to display their toughness to their peers. Franklin (2002) notes the significance of masculine personification for behavior and identity emerges in several contexts. Skilled bodily activity such as sex becomes a key indicator of masculinity. This is a major way that masculinity and heterosexuality become linked in the western culture, with stature conferred on males with heterosexual partners along with sexual learning being imagined as conquest and exploration. Body practices have become connected with masculine identities. Messerschmitt (2005) argues that in teens, nonathletic and less muscular teens are branded as fags or wimps. Masculine social hierarchies grow in relation to somatic form. This somatic demarcation verifies disparity amid lads and in this manner; various masculinities are built in regard to biological development. The relationship amid these masculinities shows a particular social structure in a school setting. There are hegemonic masculinities and subordinated masculinities. Currently the body has turned out to be vital to self image, particularly amongst teen youth. The campaign is warning against taking risk practices such as sexual assault as a way of setting up repute within a peer group context. Connel and Messerschimdt, (2005) note that the universal methodical interpretation of bodies as entities of a procedure of social construction is currently broadly regarded to be insufficient. According to Graham and Garr (1969), bodies are engaged more intimately, more intricately and more intimately in social procedures than hypothesis has typically permitted. Bodies take part in social action through describing social conduct courses implying that the body is taking part in generation of social practice. Amongst principal groups of males, circuits of social embodiment regularly involve institutions where their concession rest. These groups’ characteristic sport and leisure practices to establish distant relations and dominance over the bodies of other men (Wilson, 2009). Role of government in violence prevention The Australian institute of criminology is Australia’s nationwide knowledge and research center on justice and crime. It seeks to reduce crime and promote justice through performing and communicating evidence based study to inform practice and policy. Along with Victoria police, nationwide symposium to raise understanding of nature of sexual offenses and around the problematic query of the utilization of evidence offered by abuse victims and sexual assault for court (AIC, 2011). NSW bureau of crime statistics and research is the formal source of crime information in NSW. This bureau undertakes research into criminal justice and crime and assesses initiatives planned to lessen crime and reoffending. The aim of NSW BOSCAR is recognize factors that influence the frequency and distribution of crime, recognize factors that influence the efficiency, equity or effectiveness of NSW criminal justice scheme and make sure that information these aspects and on justice and crime trends are accessible and available to clients. Though meeting these objectives, the bureau is able to help administrators and policy makes in criminal justice scheme to develop and execute strategies which lessens crime, and offer a more effective, equitable and efficient justice system (NSW bureau of crime statistics and research, 2012). Conclusion Violence prevention is a vital aspect that requires the efforts of individuals, communities, governments and non-governmental organizations to work together in the development and implementation of effective strategies of violence prevention. Through violence prevention, a society is able to build a safe environment by reducing the level of crime. The campaigns presented in this paper are aimed at sexual violence prevention through lessening the level of offense. ‘She did not want it but could not say no’ campaign is aimed at campaign is used to demonstrate how young women can avoid being victims of sexual assault through avoiding drugs. The My strength is not for hurting is focused on the engagement of men in prevention of violence against women and the Acting like a dick doesn’t make you a man’ campaign displays that men doesn’t need to use their bodies in violent ways in order to prove their masculinity. References Connell, W., 2005, Masculinities, Second Edition, Polity Press, Cambridge. NSW bureau of crime statistics and research, 2012, Crime statistics, Retrieved on May 29, 2012 from www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/bocsar Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC), 2012, crime prevention, Retrieved on May 29, 2012 from http://www.aic.gov.au/ Carrington, K., 2006, Does feminism spoil girls? Explanations for official rises in female delinquency, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology 39(1): 34-44. Franklin, K., 2002, Enacting masculinity: antigay violence and group rape as participatory theater, Sexuality research & social policy, Journal of National Sexuality Resource Center, 1, 25–40 Graham, H. D., & Gurr, T. R. (1969). The history of violence in America: historical and comparative perspectives. New York, F.A. Praeger. Wilson, M. (2009). Domestic violence. Detroit, Greenhaven Press. Pease, B, 2004, Engaging men in men’s violence prevention: exploring the tensions, dilemmas and possibilities, Deakin University, School of health and social development MCCUE, M. L. (2008). Domestic violence: a reference handbook. Santa Barbara, Calif, ABC-CLIO. Weldon, L 2002, Protest, Policy, and the Problem of Violence Against Women: A Cross-National Comparison. University of Pittsburgh Pre, Pittsburgh. Connel, R., & Messerschimdt, J., 2005. Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept. Gender & society, 19, 829-854. Flood M, 2011, Involving men in efforts to end violence against women, Men and Masculinities 14(3), 358-377. Doll, L. S., & Haas, E. N. (2007). Handbook of injury and violence prevention. New York, NY, Springer. http://www.myilibrary.com?id=81611. NERENBERG, L. (2008). Elder abuse prevention: emerging trends and promising strategies. New York, Springer Pub. Messerschmidt, J., 2005, Men masculinities and crime, Commonwealth of Australia. Seigel, J, 2006, Criminology, Thomson Wadsworth, Lowell. Burgess, A., Regehr, C., & Roberts, A, 2009, Victimology: Theories and applications. New York, Jones & Bartlett Learning. Barnnet, O. W., Miller-Perrin, C. L., & Perrin, R. D. (2005). Family violence across the lifespan: an introduction. Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications. World Health Organization (WHO). (2005). Milestones of a global campaign for violence prevention 2005: changing the face of violence prevention World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization. Roth J. A., 1993, Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 1. National Research Council (U.S.). Panel on the Understanding and Control of Violent BehaviorEdition6, National Academies Press. N.Y. Read More

‘Acting like a dick doesn’t make you a man’ ‘Acting like a dick doesn’t make you a man’ is an anti sexual assault campaign aimed at deterring men to engage in sexual activities in order to prove their masculinity. Majority of men take part in sexual activities to prove that they have the capability to fulfill a woman’s sexual desires. Fear is the dominating emotion that propels the behavior of men; the terror of being subjugated, of being viewed as being weak and of being humiliated.

This campaign is aimed at teaching males that engaging in sexual activity isn’t a good way of demonstrating their masculinity (World Health Organization, 2005).. Relationship between gender and violence in the different form of campaigns Relationship between gender and violence in ‘She didn’t want but she couldn’t say no’ campaign She didn’t want to but she couldn’t say no campaign presents how females can stop becoming victims of rape through avoiding drinking. According to Carrington (2006), young females represent the highest growing populace in juvenile justice schemes around the globe.

Young females are highly likely to take part in focal concerns of the street based deviant youth subcultures like selling and consuming drugs. Young females are also have a high probability of being exposed to the low level intragroup aggression of the form that happens between and within other gang members, entailing female to male violence and male to female violence (Roth, 1993). Relationship between gender and violence in ‘My strength is not for hurting’ My strength is not for hurting is focused on engagement of men in prevention of violence against women.

Instead of using their strength to hurt men, men are being urged to use this strength to speak against violence against women. According to Flood (2011), intentional attempts to change involvements of men in gender relationships are highly becoming common around the globe. Such attempts take numerous forms from government initiatives to grassroots mobilizations and are propelled by several agendas from antifeminist to feminist. At grassroots level, there exist pro-parity and antifeminist groups of men dedicating to pushing back the benefits of feminism.

One of the most important attempts to change involvements of men in gender relations focuses on male’s violence against females. Just as My strength is not for hurting campaign advocate for involvement of men in violence prevention, there is increasing accord in violence deterrence circles that in order to terminate this violence, men must be involved and worked with. Whilst males have for a long time been addresses in tertiary and secondary based interventions as executors, they are now being viewed as partners in the prevention of violence.

There are increasing attempts to involve men and boys in several capabilities connected with prevention of aggression against females, as policy makers, gatekeepers, advocates and activists (Flood, 2011). Relationship gender and violence in Acting like a dick doesn’t make you a man’ campaign Acting like a dick doesn’t make you a man campaign demonstrates sexual violence between males. According to Franklin, the surfacing of homosexual as a distinctive social category generated a novel symbol for males to compare themselves against.

Homosexuality is perceived mainly as unusual gender identity, as divergent to sexual attraction and is therefore shorthand for masculine women and effeminate men who rebuffed socially forbidden sex roles. The horror of being branded a fag put pressure upon all males to kowtow to a slight standard of sex behavior. As heterosexuality turned out to be an increasingly fundamental constituent of masculinity identity, young males could display their masculinity via sexual conquest of women and also through public vilification of alleged homosexuals.

Acting like a dick doesn’t make you a man aims at preventing sexual assaults of men by their fellow men.

Read More