The Effects of Parents and Peers Relationship on Children to Be Bulliesor Victims - Coursework Example

The Effect of Family and Peers’ relationships on children in early childhood to be under the risk of being bullies or victims in the grade-years. Lamyaa ALAwaji University of Akron Today, children are no longer afraid from strangers, dark, or wild animals. Children’s tears and fears are not because of falling or punishment, and schools are no longer safe places and substitute for homes. Crimes are no longer happening in the dark avenues or in dangerous neighborhoods. Bullying in schools is a daily nightmare that threatens children’s security, happiness, and peace. It becomes relevant to the classes and playgrounds. Studies show that almost 1 to 4 children experienced bullying in his or her school ( Appelbaum, 2009). Nearly 30% of American adolescents have experienced bullying as victims, bullies, or victims-bullies. Considering the definition of Olweus (1994) whose work in 1990s addressed more attention to study this problem, an individual is bullied when “ he or she is exposed repeatedly over time to negative actions by one or more others, excluding cases where two children of similar physical and psychological strength are fighting ( Hamburger, Basile, & Vavilo, 2011). According to the definitions of ( Batsche & Knoff, 1994; Hoover, Olever, & Hazler, 1992; Nansel et al.,2001; Olweus, 1991) , Knoff ( 2007) bullying in the schools is described; “ as a form of repeated aggression where one or more students physically, psychologically, and more recently, sexually harass or harm other students repeatedlyover a period of time. More specifically, bullying can include physical aggression; verbal aggression-including persistent teasing, taunting, and threats; or the more subtle or indirect ‘aggression’ that results in social exclusion. Typically, acts of bullying are unprovoked, and the bully is perceived as stronger or as having more power than the victim.” ( Zins, Elias & Maher, 2007, pg.2). Since bullying in the school is relevant to the social relationships between children, it is necessary to understand the fundamental roots of bullying as a social behavior. Bullying in elementary and middle school is not an arbitrary or sudden behavior. Rather, it is a behavior that results from family and peer’s relationship in the early years of children’s lives. Bullies bully in order to bossing others, practice their authorities, confirm their status, and without consciousness, transferring their anger from prior experiences of abuse ( Beane, 2008).Bullying’s practices result from an early shortage of many social skills like understanding the concept of power, and the strategies of creating successful relationships. Parenting’s and peers’ relationships play a significant role forming the social skills that children need for avoiding bullying and victimization in the future. As same as bullies, victims can be also earlier victims of parents and peers’ relationships making them victims in the future. Social skills resulting from peer and family relationships form significant characteristics of both bullies and victims. The social development in early childhood may effect on the social skills in grad-years. Encouraging good social skills, and practicing them as a life style during the early years in children’s lives reduces having bulling in schools. Children experience many different shapes of behavior and adjust many ways to communicate. The more a child receives a good example of behavior in early childhood, the more he or she can adopt this behavior and practice it in order to avoid being a bully or a victim in the future. To understand the link between bullying and victimization and the early childhood period, it is necessary to look at the bullies’ and victims’ characteristics. Characteristics of bullies and victims: The majority of bullies’ characteristics are relevant to the concept of showing strength, domination, and popularity. They show satisfaction, apathy, and toughness after causing conflicts. They may lie, steal, taunt, and treat animals cruelly ( Appelbaum, 2009) Proverb ( n.d.)mentions that bullies show their violence intentionally and frequently( Clements & Fiorentino, 2004) Knoff also indicates that bullying behavior has been linked with depression, impulsivity, and anxiety ( Zins, Elias, and Maher, 2007). On the other hand, victims show an opposite behavior. They are anxious and insecure, lack social skills, have few friends, and they are socially isolated ( Appelbaum, 2009) Those characteristics may result from the parenting styles and peers relationship in early years of children’s lives. Nansel ( 2004) mentions an evidence shows the third involved group of bullying which is victims-bullies who were victims until they return to be bullies by themselves, may practice the weakest functioning, between the two others kinds, bullies or victims ( Hamburger, Basile, & Vavilo, 2011). Family’s relationship & bullying in the future Considering the characteristics of bullies and victims reveals the role of family’ and peer’s relationships in early childhood. Aggression, toughness, and apathy as parenting styles of raising the children form the bullying’s behavior. Children copy and practice the same aggressive behavior they have experienced in early years in their lives. It has been found that bullies are raised in homes which are characterized by deteriorated mechanisms, and shortage of positive communication ( Kiriakidis, 2011). Practicing social adjustment, children tend to copy from the surrounding social environment. They may practice aggression as a copied behavior. The copying mechanism transfers either positive or negative behavior to form the emotional and social character, and the ability to communicate with others. Studies show that bullies are children of fathers who are bullies themselves( Beane, 2008 ). Parenting’s style effect children’s interaction with peers. It is mentioned that“ The children’s negativity during peer interaction increases when they have experiences with parents who are intrusive, engage at a low level, and disrespectful humor.” ( Saracho & Spodek, 2007, p. 306). Bad early experiences of solving familial conflicts or dealing with anger or sadness create negative feelings. Parents who show uncontrolled anger to control children’s behavior can transfer these negative practices to their children. (Shonkoff & Philips 2000) mention that depressed mothers may encourage challenging children’s behavior. Also ( Farrington, 1991; Frick et al., 1991) assert that the negative impact of a parent with antisocial or criminal behavior on their children’s behavior ( Kaiser & Rasminsky, 2003) Furthermore, children who were banned from expressing their anger or sadness may show aggressive behavior toward themselves and others. , or those who experience mistreatment and abuse in the home Beane (2008) Bullying for instance is on of the aggressive behaviors that may appear in the future due to the unguided experiences of anger in the early age, and difficulties that parents experience to manage their emotional and behavioral attitudes. Repression, cruelty and irritability make stress on children. Parents who practice authority strictly, and who force children to act and live perfectly give children power to challenge the authority. Children will not merely challenge the authority, but also they will also build an independent authority and practice it toward the weak parties, victims. As Barton asserts that “ parents who rule their children with an iron fist” limit children’s ability to make decisions about peer relationships, and this leads children to develop victimization ( Barton, 2006, p. 20). In a study that examined the influence of parenting on bullying and victimization, it was found that children who were bullies-victims tended to have authoritarian parents ( Vlachou, Andreou, Botsoglou & Didaskalou, 2011). Authoritative parenting encourages children to fall in the bullying’s hole. Misunderstanding the difference between “ playful and malignant teasing” ( Kiriakidis, 2011,p.4) as a kind of bullying is another parental factor which exacerbate bullying. The mainstream thinking the majority of parents have which is “ kids are kids”, and all those aggressive or hurtful behaviors are such “ children’s kidding” is a considerable factor that confirms family’s role to “feed “ the aggressive behavior, and eintensifies the problem that may be a leading factor of bullying. Kruger, Gordon & Kuban ( 2006) confirm that teasing is, even if it appears as a playful, it is still a sign of aggression ( Kiriakidis, 2011). Rather, Kiriakidis ( 2011) includes that parents and teachers may cannot distinguish between aggression and playful( Kirikidis, 2011). Furthermore, accepting the verbal and physical attacks as “a childish behavior” teaches children that using undesirable language or bothering others are normal and acceptable as long it is kidding. Parents have a big “portion” besides the kindergarten’s teachers to develop children emotional skills. Thus, the emotional lack from parents creates negative emotions like apathy and toughness. An attachment as an emotional relationship between mothers and children, for example, helps to enhance children’s feeling of security, and satisfies their emotional needs to feel love. Creasey & Jarvis (2007) commented on the difference between two kinds of children based on their feeling of security when they reported that; “ Secure children provide empathetic/ sympathetic responses to such stories, and offer methods to cope with these feelings of distress. In contrast, insecure children may deny any emotional separations has occurred (avoidant), express strong anger during the story ( ambivalent) or express extremely fearful or bizarre responses ( disorganized) Emotional skills as same as social skills have to be practiced and taught early.” ( Saracho & Spodek, 2007, p. 43). Parents have to satisfy children’s needs to be loved, secure, and teach children how they should express their feelings, and convey their emotions and communicate with others. Peers’ relationship in early childhood & bullying in the future From an early age, children develop their social skills through their interactions with peers. Peers share children with their childhood experiences. They express thoughts, contribute, negotiate, conflict, and persuade each other ( Kaiser & Rasminsky, 2003). Studies show that peers play a significant role as same as family to form children’s behavior and their social skills.Therefore, the social communications between children in early childhood may help children to adopt positive behavior against bullying. However, some children, who have challenging behavior, have difficulty to engage in unaggressive relationships with peers because they have negative beliefs about aggression ( Kaiser & Rasminsky, 2003). Thus, having aggressive aspects between peers, and challenging behavior against other children may be an indication to engage children in bullying in the future. Positive relationships between children and their peers increase self-esteem which is an important component to avoid negative behavior such as bullying. As Ladd (2007) mentions, some studies show that children who have productive friendships reported higher levels of self-esteem than the children who have poor friendships ( Saracho & Spodek, 2007). Adequate social skills among children in early childhood, as (Trentacosta & Izard, 2007) mention are important base of other different social aspects which may appear in middle childhood ( Saracho & Spodek, 2007). Moreover, Lake confirms the presence of bullying among peers in early childhood which plays a considerable role in “ the bullying victimization cycle of violence.” ( Saracho & Spodek, 2007). The relationship between early childhood and bullying behavior: The argument’s point is that early childhood which includes the abstract of the familial experiences, the effect of parents and peers is a time that should not be ignored as relevant time because it reveals early insights for being bullies or victims during grad-years. Furthermore, it is a golden period for applying prevention programs, orientate and guide families to understand their critical role for either provoking, or preventing bullying. In early childhood, children are raised in homes which are considered the first and fundamental educational institution in their lives following with another institutions such as pre-schooling where they communicate with peers and practice their relationships based on their familial backgrounds, and their schemas that they have gained from their parents. Children will transfer their feelings, behaviors, abilities, and their skills to the school whether they were positive or negative. Furthermore, as (Trentacosta & Izard, 2007) believe, although the emotional and social maturity upon children are vary, the preschool’s environment creates a distinct ways for children to learn and develop these skills to be able to use them when encountering challenging in the future (Saracho & Spodek, 2007). Indeed, the early practices and play experiences with peers, prepare children to avoid behaviors related to bullying. It is not uncommon that some children use some undesirable words, communicate in aggressive way, show their status on their “ weak or shy” peers. Having sharing’s problems and peer’s conflicts are commonplace in early childhood classes. However, the clear manifestations of aggression, difficulty of communication and sharing, challenging teacher’s authority, and the permanent lack of responding to discipline are critical insights that may lead to the bullying’s behavior in the future. Thus, early childhood is a curial period to prevent bullying. After absorbing the basics borders of socialization, children transfer their early practices of the social norms to reapply them in other different sittings. During this time, children also figure out another different skills and challenges. Initially, children use the same social contest that have been acquired from parents and adapt it until they start to figure out another contests from another sources like school and peers. A study was conducted on 2,516 pupils aged 12–19 in the 2007 Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey to examine the relationship between history of family involvement with child protective services (CPS) and bullying was examined. The findings showed that a history of family CPS involvement was a risk factor for bullying victimization and perpetration (Mohapatra, Irveng, Boak, Wekerle, Adalf, and Rehm, 2010). This study confirms the role that family can play effecting having bullying in the future. All those transformations and discoveries inside the social behavior’s map are drown during early childhood. For example, children will communicate with their peers using the same language that they familiar with, and they may use the same solutions of conflicts that they use at home. Another study examined bullying in the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study, a nationally representative 1994–1995 birth cohort of 2,232 children. The researchers used mother and teacher reports to identify children who experienced bullying between the ages of 5 and 7 years either as victims, bullies, or bully-victims. The results show the effect of family factors ( e.g child maltreatment, domestic violence) as one of the factors that increase the risk of being bullying ( Lucy Bowes, Arseneault, Maughan, Taylor, Caspi, and Moffitt, 2006). Affirmation the role of parenting in early childhood as an engine does not neglect other factors, but rather confirms them. Other aspects that may stimulate children’s readiness to be bullies like violence on TV confirm the necessity of having aware parenting who are responsible to control the negative effects of bad media on children to avoid aggressive behavior that may lead to bullying in the future. Parents may protect children from being bullies by controlling media input and/or by monitoring the time and the quality of chosen programs ( Appelbaum, 2009). To discover whether parental cognitive stimulation-emotional support, and television viewing at age years are possible factors lead to be a bully at ages 6 to 11 years, a study examined the three factors on the 4 years children to confirm that The early home environment, including cognitive stimulation, emotional support, and exposure to television, has a significant impact on bullying in grade school ( Zimmerman, Glew, Christakis, & Katon). It seems that bullying behavior is constant. Bullies who start aggressive practices early, they attend to be bullies and aggressive in the future. Some researchers examined the relationship between exposure to violence inside and outside the home to bullying behavior. A study showed a significant effect on females who exposure to the domestic violence to be bullies-victims in the future ( Mustanoja, Luukkonen, Hakko, Rasenin, Savvala, and Riala, 2011). One of the most important aspects should be enhanced during early childhood is self-esteem. Children construct feeling of esteem toward themselves based on others’ perspectives. When children are treated aggressively, they feel bad toward themselves, they are not good enough, and they deserve punishment. Low self-esteem resulting from bad experiences in early childhood lead children to be easy preys to engage in bullying. Bullies, in this sense, try to confirm their status and their domination on others to confirm their identities through the chosen victims. In a study was conducted to show the relationship between bullying and self-esteem, an inverse relationship was discovered between bullying behavior and feeling of self-esteem of elementary school students in grades 3-5. This relationship shows an important aspect related to the nature of aggressive behavior that reflects low self-esteem ( Spade, 2007). It indicates that the children’s self-esteem may decrease or increase based on the emotional and social experiences in childhood that make children be an aggressive victims in the future. Early childhood is a critical time for underscoring the aggression or isolation behavior that children may show through their social practices as characteristics of bullying and victimization in the future. A study examined social behaviors and peer relationships of children involved in bully/victim problems in kindergarten, was conducted on 344 children from 5-7-year-old. Based on the study’s results, it is concluded the possibility of distinguish between bullying parties in early years. The study also asserted the significant effect of the social behaviors for children in this age to raise the risk factors of bullying or victimization. The study found that the affiliation of aggressive behavior, that bullies have, may lead to increase in bullying behavior (Perren & Alsaker, 2006). This study confirm the importance of early childhood as a period of early detection, and prevention of bullying and victimization. During all childhood periods, family plays significant role to form children social skills and satisfy their needs of love, security, and respecting. However, early childhood is considered the fundamental period that may strengthen or weaken children’s social backgrounds. Early social background, and familial practices may effect children to be characterized as bullies or victims in the future. There is a study was conducted on 5 years-old children, and after five years later to examine the impact of a history of violent that children have experienced in their early childhood which may reflect on the peer’s relationship in the future, and may explain the aggressive patterns of behavior and being aggressive victims during middle school. The results clarified that the aggressive group had experienced more aggressive parental history and abusive family treatment than the others group ( Schwartz, David, Dodge, Pettit, & Bates,2006). In conclusion, bullying is challenging behavior creates unsecured learning environment for children. Early childhood is a significant time to discover the roots of passive behaviors, like aggression and isolation, which can be translated as significant insights of bullying and victimization in the future. Understanding the critical effect of family and peer’s relationships in early childhood helps to prevent bullying in the future. Intervention programs, in this sense, should start earlier. Managing children’s emotions and developing social skills and peer’s relationship may be an effective beginning to avoid bullying and victimization in grad-years. Furthermore, looking at the early childhood as a “ starting“starting point” for preventing bullying characteristics provides parents more understanding to the crucial role of their parenting styles to prevent bullying and victimization behavior when children grow up. Indeed, early childhood is a good investment to cultivate moral values and social skills upon children to prevent bullying. Stage 2 (Continuation) From what I have learnt about bullying, it seems they studied about behavior, family and social relations, but there might be something that might be missing that Researchers are yet to fully comprehend and come up with viable solutions to. The area lacking adequate research that I propose requires further investigation and analysis is that of cyber-bullying. Cyber Bullying This is another kind of tormenting that has raised its revolting head as of late. The legitimate definitions are Cyber harassing are activities that utilization data and correspondence advances to underpin ponder, rehashed, and unfriendly conduct by a singular or bunch that is proposed to damage an alternate or others or utilization of correspondence innovations for the plan of hurting an alternate individual or utilization of web access and portable advances, for example website pages and talk gathers and in addition texting or content informing with the expectation of hurting an alternate individual. (Walther, 2012) Who gets bullied online? It is evaluated that almost 30% of people are included in harassing as victimized people, culprits or both. Studies have discovered that 15 to 25% of kids and youth in the US are harassed and 15 to 20% spook others (Harris, 2006). Forty-two percent of kids and youth have said they have been harassed while on the web. Kids and youth who are overweight, gay or observed to be gay or have inabilities are dependent upon 63% less averse to be harassed than are other youngsters. Methods Used in Cyberbullying Digital harassing could be as basic as proceeding to send messages or quick messages hassling somebody who has said they need no further contact with the sender. It might likewise incorporate open movements, for example rehashed dangers, sexual comments, scorn discourse or defamatory false allegations, picking on a chump by making the individual the subject of criticism in online discussions, hacking into or vandalizing locales something like an individual, and posting false proclamations as actuality pointed at undermining or mortifying a focused on individual. (Smith, 2010) Digital harassing could be restricted to posting bits of hearsay in the ballpark of an individual on the web with the proposition of achieving contempt in others psyches or persuading others to aversion or partake in online denigration of a target. It might head off to the degree of directly recognizing casualties of wrongdoing and distributed materials extremely criticizing or embarrassing them. Cyber-spooks might reveal victimized peoples close to home information, for example true name, street number, or workplace/schools) at sites or discussions or might utilize mimic, making fake accounts, remarks or locales acting like their focus with the end goal of distributed material in their name that dishonors, criticizes or derides them. This can leave the digital spook unnamed which can make it challenging for the guilty party to be gotten or disciplined for their conduct. However, not all cyberbullies use namelessness. Content or texts and messages between companions can additionally be cyberbullying if what is said or showed is terrible to the members. (Christian, 2012) Some digital spooks might likewise send undermining and irritating messages, texts or messages to the chumps. Others post bits of gossip or tattle and affect others to abhorrence and join forces against the target. Sexual harassment as a manifestation of cyber bullying Sexual provocation as a type of Cyber-bullying is regular in Video diversion society. A study by the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology infers that this badgering is expected to some extent to the depiction of ladies in motion picture amusements. This provocation by and large includes slurs regulated towards ladies, sex part stereotyping, and overaggressive dialect. In one case, in which Capcom supported a web streamed actuality show setting battling amusement masters against one another for a prize of $25,000, one female gamer relinquished a match because of serious badgering. "The sexual provocation is part of the society. Assuming that you uproot that from the battling amusement neighborhood, it’s not the battling diversion group… it doesnt bode well for have that state of mind because these things have been created time in memorial." (Aris Bakhtanians, 2012) A recent research/tudy from National Sun Yat-sen University watched that kids who liked savage film recreations were significantly less averse to both experience and execute cyber-bull Cyberbullying by Email from a fiction friend The later utilization of versatile provisions and ascent of cell phones have respected a more open type of cyber-bullying. It is normal that cyber-bullying by means of these stages will be connected with bullying through portable telephones to a more amazing degree than solely through other more stationary web stages. (Hering, 2013) Whats more, the mix of Polaroid’s and Internet access and the moment accessibility of these up to date cell phone innovations yield themselves to particular sorts of cyber-bullying not discovered in different stages. It is likely that those cyber-tormented through versatile mechanisms will experience a more extensive extend of cyber-bullying sorts than those solely harassed somewhere else. Warning signs indicating my child is being cyber bullied. The cautioning signs may incorporate however not restricted to: The youngster gives off an impression of being irate, discouraged or disillusioned in the wake of utilizing the workstation or other electronic gadgets, seems uneasy about set to class or to social occasions, maintains a strategic distance from exchanges about what he or she is doing on the machine or other electronic apparatuses, either suddenly quits utilizing the machine or other electronic mechanisms or shows an intense build being used and comes to be unusually from typical loved ones parts. (Hering, 2013) Actions to take if you suspect your child is being cyber-bullied. Assuming that this kind of disgraceful bullying is constantly drilled on your kid, then you might as well include the police in the event that you think it may get criminal, for example Threats of brutality, Child explicit entertainment, Sexual misuse, taking a photograph picture of somebody in a spot where he or she might want security and blackmail. Likewise you may as well impart to your kid that he or she is not to be faulted and that you cherish him/her for who he or she is and begin discussing the steps he or she can take to secure himself or herself, both enthusiastically and physically. (Finkelhor, 2000) Likewise sway your youngster not to react to the cyber bullying and spare the messages or photographs as proof. At long last report the bullying to your tykes school. School authorities might have the ability to intercede, however at any rate, directors can look for eye to eye bullying that may go hand in hand with the cyber spooking. Warning signs indicating my child is a cyber-bully. Have you acknowledged the way that your youngster could be a cyber-spook? Provided that yes, then they may depict the accompanying conducts if he/she is without a doubt a cyber-spook. (Patchin, 2009)They incorporate; Uses numerous online accounts or a record that is not his or her own, rapidly switches screens or closes programs when you stroll by, is extremely undercover about his or her online exercises and stays away from examinations about what he or she is doing on the Pc or other electronic mechanism, progressively shows mercilessness to others, incorporating individuals or creatures and at last Uses the machine or other electronic gadgets late around evening time. What to do if my child is a cyber-bully? Running across that your youngster is a cyber-spook might be troubling. On the other hand, the exceptional news is that you are cognizant of whats going on and you need to stop it. Here are a few plans for what you may as well do if your tyke is cyber bullying others and they incorporate; Explaining to your youngster that this sort of conduct wont go on without serious consequences, illustrating the intensity of your kids activities, and ask how he or she might feel if the conduct was accounted for to law authorization, school or different powers, or in the event that he or she was on the accepting end of the bullying, begin checking web and telephone exercises, or take them away totally, if fundamental, impart your concerns to your kids educator, mentor, instructor and other essential mature people, for example relatives or family companions in his or her existence to have an united front against this kind of conduct and at long last If you or your kid needs extra help, look for a school advocate or mental health proficient. (Hinduja, 2009) In conclusion, concentrates on in the psychosocial impacts of cyberspace have started to screen the effects cyber-bullying may have on the chumps, and the results it might expedite. Outcomes of cyberbullying are multi-faceted, and influence online and disconnected from the net conduct. Investigate on young people reported that changes in the victimized peoples conduct as a consequence of cyber-bullying could be sure. Chumps "made a cognitive example of spooks, which hence helped them to distinguish individuals who were spooks." Journal involved in psychosocial study on Cyberspace dynamic reports basic effects in practically the sum of the respondents, taking the type of easier self-regard, dejection, frustration, and doubt of individuals. The more great effects were self-hurt. Kids have murdered one another and submitted suicide in the wake of having been included in a cyberbullying episode. 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