Different Kinds of Globalization - Annotated Bibliography Example

Ideological Globalization 1. The process of globalization is itself an ideology. The construction of free trade agreements and the elimination of trade barriers occur within this paradigm. For example, some countries have extreme senses of nationalism which tend to carry with it a sense of isolation. This is counterintuitive to the process of globalization. Market globalism occurs when individuals begin to integrate their trade strategies on the global stage. This is beneficial insofar as countries are able to specialize and possess a comparative advantage in some areas. On the other hand, some countries seek sovereignty over their land which causes them not to accept some of the international laws, for example, the US has not signed the universal declaration of human rights. While some countries believe that interconnected economies will ensure the best use of the global allotment of resources, they at the same time hold that their political integrity must remain separate. Therefore the challenges to the 21st century will be maintaining a level of political sovereignty while globalizing trade. Additionally, 3rd world countries should be advantaged in these scenarios because globalization could play a hand in their exploitation. 2. Resistance to globalization is a conceptual means of preserving indigenous identities. Some individuals claim that globalization is causing cultural erosion and therefore they pose an ideological difference. In terms of market globalization, countries that wish to preserve their cultural identities construct barriers specific to product markets to preserve their local economies. Moreover, in terms of Justice globalization, some countries tend to preserve their own laws by not respecting the authority of international bodies such as the International Criminal Court. Finally, Jihadist have an ideological conflict against the west and therefore resist the market and justice globalization of their culture. This has created a platform whereby they are able to engage in international acts of violence in order to preserve their cultural identity in their homeland. In order to accommodate for the 21st century, it is going to require the use of cultural sensitivity. The integration of cultural identities will need to be done in a method that celebrates cultural diversity and judges actions on the merits of the unique legal codes. 3. While power is the ability to coerce individuals, resistance is the capacity to reject such coercion. The resistance of ideological globalization has manifested itself in religious teaching and created a sect of extremist. This has resulted in a backlash against globalization. Market and Justice globalism rely on cooperation in order to work effectively. Unfortunately, that cooperation requires an ideological understanding. Insofar as this is true, then in situations such as Saudi Arabia, it seems unlikely that cooperation will be achieved since these countries are strong in their opposition. 4. Both ideological and ecological globalization require a certain understanding of the means through which countries should cooperate on the international level. Unfortunately, ecological globalization at times is counterintuitive to specific countries economic strategies. Countries with massive carbon output and polluting shared bodies of water are important in this destruction. This creates a tragedy of the commons whereby there is a bystander effect that is proliferated. This becomes a key area of resistance for these concepts. The challenges of the 21st century will be adopting policies such as the kyoto protocol and other policies that preserve human civilization. Economic Globalization 1. There are four aspects to economic globalization, referring to four specific types of flows across international boundaries, namely flows of goods/services, i.e. 'free trade' and the deconstruction of trade barriers, flows of people, of capital, and of technology. A consequence of economic globalization is increasing relations among members of an industry in different parts of the world which is commonly referred to as globalization of an industry. Furthermore, there is a corresponding erosion of national sovereignty in the economic sphere. In terms of the global north and south, labor tends to be much cheaper in the south, therefore the laws are much more lax for improving working conditions. Therefore the future will require the recognition of better rights for humans globally. 2. The North American Trade Organization is one of the multilateral institutions that create a series of free trade agreements. The International Monetary Fund provides loans to developing countries and countries with struggling economies. The World Bank is another institution that is responsible for identifying global risks as well as providing loans to countries in need. In terms of the IMF and World Bank, their loans are given with stipulations that require the privatization of water and energy sectors. This allows multinational corporations to enter these countries and exploit their resources. 3. Free Trade and Comparative advantage are key to the globalization strategy. It forces countries to specialize in certain areas of production. Neo-liberal strategies attempt to deconstruct the laws that preserve the comparative advantage and consequentially puts 3rd world countries at risk. The stance that the global stage should naturally evolve occurs at a rate that disadvantages countries that are behind the bell curve. In order to be fair, neo-liberal policies ignore the need to increase the human condition for individuals in 3rd world nations. 4. Free trade occurs when countries deconstruct barriers to trade, a policy ensuring this is the North American Free Trade Agreement. Policies concerning migration are largely domestic and differ from country to country. Most countries construct quotas whereby it limits the amount of individuals allowed into a country. Capital can be seen the the bail out of Greece and their economy. Finally Technology can be seen in the trade of global resources and the rise of the internet. As the internet becomes increasingly widespread, the individuals become better equipped to cope with a globalized world. In Canada specifically, the fact that they have cheap pharmaceuticals has created a demand for their products internationally. This is an example of comparative advantage. 5. The 3 multi-lateral institutions from the Bretton Woods Conference are: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Global Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and the International Monetary Fund. The role and function of these institutions are to ensure fair trade between developed and developing countries. These institutions not only ensure that developing countries have funds, but have the capacity to garner a fair trade in certain industry that lead to their production of a comparative advantage. Ecological Globalization 1. The transport of many types of materials, including gases, minerals and even organisms, can affect natural systems. This movement results in “greenlash,” which occurs when environmental changes localized to a small geographic area have far-reaching effects in other areas. For example, a drought in the 1930’s caused small-scale farmers to abandon their farms across the U.S. Midwest. The absence of crops intensified local soil erosion, leading to powerful dust storms. Great amounts of wind-swept dust traveled across the country, resulting in the infamous Dust Bowl and affecting air quality, public health and patterns of human settlement throughout the country. Furthermore, globalization is resulting in the spread of Invasive species and pathogens, such as fire ants from South America and the SARS virus from China. The implication is that they can create large, expensive problems: the U.S. currently spends over $120 billion per year on programs to prevent and eradicate invasive species. Understanding ecosystem connectivity across a range of scales from local to regional to continental will help scientists predict where invasive species are likely to go next. 2. The Consumption of oil is occurring quicker than it can be replenished which is resulting in a global oil crisis. Moreover, individuals are using oil at faster rates which is consequentially resulting in increase carbon emissions which is leading to global warming. The Kyoto Protocol is an attempt to solve these problems. 3. Thomas Malthus would state that the human civilization has reached critical mass and is headed for a steep population decline. In terms of climate change, the rate at which individuals are consuming products is causing creating a scenario whereby carbon emissions are creating a situation where the temperature is rising at the caps and causing the ice caps to melt and the water levels to rise. This is dangerous and is empirically proven through the Tsunami that just wrecked Thailand. 4. The intersections of cultural and ecological globalization are critical for human understanding of climate change. Western culture tends to celebrate excess consumption. This will lead to the breakdown of cultures insofar as the west continues to consume most of the worlds resources and refuse to allow developing countries to have access to them. Political Globalization 1. Free trade and environmental concepts are the key concepts facing political globalization. While free trade causes countries to relax some of their policies concerning their local economies, the environmental policies are much more invasive. This causes countries to lose some aspects of their sovereignty by being forced to submit their rules to international bodies. 2. According to theorist such as Max Weber and Karl Marx, the state is defined by being the only body with the legitimate use of violence. The increasingly globalized world has created scenarios whereby multinational institutions are capable of using violence. For example, UNAMID helped solve the genocide in Darfur against the Janjaweed. 3. Trade liberalization indicates the market goal of production globalization for multinationals. They adjoin with each other. As the deepening of regional economy integration and economy globalization, new features appear in international trade: Fist of all, the content of international trade has undergone massive changes in proportion structure. Strategic Resource products grow quickly in the trade of raw materials. Green products also occupied a large place in world trade. Second, the proportion of inner-industry trade is growing. Since 1980s, regional economic integration has accelerated the free exchange of production factors in a larger scope. It accelerates the capital interpenetration, deepen the dependence between member countries and international labor division, so that to increase the proportion of inter industry trade. This trend is expending as the developing of economy globalization and regional economy cooperation. 4. In terms of Canadian Sovereignty, it becomes increasingly important to focus on the central aspects of our political and economic sovereignty. This is important when considering the NAFTA agreement and NATO. The troop requirement for NATO causes us to be able to utilize a multilateral body in international conflicts that we get involved in. Furthermore, in terms of trade, we are able to access goods at low prices because of the NAFTA. 5. The era of globalization is increasingly costly to state sovereignty. In terms of the ability to engage in unilateral wars and operate domestically free of international coercion, states are less free to act accordingly. Specifically in terms of their ability to engage in unilateral wars, the international order has constructed the United Nations which requires states to appeal to first before engaging in wars. Moreover, the fact that state leaders can be brought up on chargers implies limitations in terms of international conceptions of human rights. Cultural Globalization 1. Cultural globalization is perceived by some as a more autonomous process, and even as enabling some forms of economic globalization -- although the relevance of cultural globalization to urban spaces has thus far received scant attention. Cultural globalization may be defined as an acceleration in the exchange of cultural symbols among people around the world, to such an extent that it leads to changes in local popular cultures and identities. An important component of this process is the consumption culture that originated in Canada and that has been mass-mediated to places around the world. This is not so much about similarities across the world in the consumption of particular products (e.g. Maple). It is rather about the similar social function of consumption in hitherto different societies: `Under a consumer culture, consumption becomes the main form of self-expression and the chief source of identity.' Seen from this angle, one could argue that economic globalization, in the form of consumption of globally available commodities, is predicated and dependent on the globalization of cultural values and identities. 2. Culture is becoming increasingly significant in terms of culture. This is important considering norms, symbols, and mores. This manifest itself in the cultural activities and media interest of other countries. In terms of the north and the south, individuals are becoming increasingly drawn towards Northern technologies. This becomes even more relevant when considering the role of the media in disseminating cultural values. In terms of the south, celebrations such as Mardi Gras are examples of the transfer of cultural norms. 3. The effect of cultural globalization is to set in motion a general trend towards individualization that is related to the growing importance of material consumption as a vehicle to express that individual identity. This individualization is coupled with a process of dilution of traditional local cultures. In a way, people become more or less `uprooted' without having moved to another place. The world has come to them. However, cultural globalization does not necessarily imply homogenization and the emergence of a single global culture. Globalization does not result in homogeneity but in a deepening of particularity. Clearly, the effects of globalizing forces are dependent on and differ with local context. This intricate relationship between globalism and localism has been dubbed `glocalization', and while the term smacks of rhetorical overkill, it does capture the essence of the process under study. Globalization may simultaneously lead to dilution of local culture and to a deepening of particularity. These opposite effects concern different aspects of the local culture: some aspects of the local culture may disappear while others are strengthened. 4. Documents such as the Universal Declaration are deconstructing the nation-states’ ability to differentiate between citizen and non-citizen. Moreover, the ability to raise nationalism is becoming increasingly difficult in a globalizing word due to the fact that humans are increasingly conscious of the human race. In terms of developing the Nationalistic ideologies within the Canadian context, the concept of universal human citizenship is causing populations to be increasingly weary of political activities that sever the relationship between global humanity. Read More