The Psychology of Control and Aging - Assignment Example

Psychology Psychology Part The dual processing theory of the human cognition s that decision-making and reasoning can be defined as a function of both experiential, affective, intuitive system and/or a deliberative, analytical processing system. This combines both system I and system II. Currently, there has not been any formal descriptive model in medical decision-making founded on the dual processing theory has been invented. Models that postulate two different processing modes have been widely proposed in numerous topic areas within cognitive and social psychology. The structural basis of the model that involves two processing modes has gained support from neuropsychological and psychological evidence that states that human beings have two memory systems (Wyer, & Srull, 2014). One of the systems gradually learns general regularities, while the other system is able of forming representations of the novel and unique events quickly. Pattern completion and associative retrieval in the system that learns slowly elicited by the salient cue comprises the effortless mode. The other processing mode seems to be more effortful and conscious. It comprises of the intentional retrieval of the rules that are clearly and symbolically represented from either of the memory systems and their use in guiding the processing. There are advantages associated with the dual processing models. The first advantage is that it helps in fear conditioning. Classical fear conditioning has been a widely used mechanism for learning the associations that are related to threats and the affective responses. It also helps in predicting behavior. The existing dual process helps in explaining the path from explicit processes to behavior (Coon, & Mitterer, 2014). The memory systems model avails a very crucial advance in this perspective by providing particular predictions, basing on the neutral function and structure. The third advantage is the ability to change implicit associations. The dual-process theory has made efforts to clarify the models of implicit change, and there has been the suggestion that the intervention can be used to assist in the specific features of the underlying memory systems. Dual Process and helps in dealing with phenomena like habituation. Habituation is defined as the reduced response to any repeated stimulus. The habituation process also copies the dual process. The habituation in dual process theory depends upon two processes, which include sensitization and habituation. Habituation makes the intensity of the repeated stimulus weak over time subconsciously. Over time, a person will offer less conscious attention to the stimuli. On the other hand, sensitization makes the stimuli stronger over time subconsciously. Though the two systems are not all conscious, their interaction helps people to understand their environment by diminishing some stimuli and strengthening others (Baltes, 2014). Again, the dual process helps in solving the belief bias effect. This is the trait of judging the weight of arguments by the means of the credibility of their conclusion instead of the strength that is offered in their support. It has been partially proven that the bias effect results from a competition between the belief-based process in system 1 and the logical system in system 2 when evaluating an argument. Dual-process models also help in eliminating the problem of stereotyping. The dual process proposes that when people perceive other people, the stereotypes that are concerned with them are activated automatically (Gawronski, & Bodenhausen, 2015). These stereotypes will in turn be used in making judgments when there is no cognitive capacity or motivation to stop the stereotype. The dual process models also help in the process of making decisions. Part 3 Personality disorders might simply represent extreme manifestations of traits that are desirable when they are in the normal range. In the attempt to explain some kinds of manifestations of these traits, different researchers have come up with different labels for the domains. The domains include negative emotionality, introversion, disinhibition, and peculiarity. This system can be abbreviated as PFM (Pathological Five Model). The pathological five models and the five-factor model of personality are closely associated. The PFM designation is appropriate since the domains can be collectively understood as extreme and maladaptive variants of the domains in the FFM of personality characters. There are five examples of personal traits, and they include conscientiousness, neuroticism, agreeableness, openness to experience and extraversion (Sherman, Gawronski, & Trope, 2014). Considering the first four personality traits, antagonism is the contrary to agreeableness, disinhibition is the contrary of conscientiousness, and introversion is the contrary to extraversion while negative emotionality constitutes the extreme neuroticism. Part 4 In a personality class and in the textbooks, there are three main themes that are particularly common all through. The themes are included in the three abstract categories of the mind identified by Sigmund Freud. They include the id, the ego, and thirdly, the superego. These may also be referred to as structures though it does not imply that they are parts of the human brain or parts of human the body. He came up with these terms and argued that this kind of division of the brain are just simple ideas aimed at assisting the learners to understand the ways in which personality works and develops, and ways in which mental illnesses may arise. The id is the Latin word for ‘it’. It is the division of the brain that comprises the fundamental instincts, animalistic urges, and inborn dispositions. As Freud postulates, the id is normally completely unconscious, and the human beings are unaware of how it works. The id is irrational since it dreams, invents, and imagines things that can get the person where he wants. He added that the operations of the id resemble the pleasure principle since it aims at pleasurable things and avoiding the painful things. The aim of the id is to attain the satisfaction of the biological drives and urges. It comprises of the feelings of thirst, sex, hunger, and other normal body pleasures that are aimed at attaining pleasure (Freud, Dufresne, & Richter, 2011). The ego is the Latin and the Greek word for ‘I’. This is the personality structure that starts developing in childhood and may be understood as the ‘self’. The ego is usually partly unconscious and partly conscious. Its operations resemble the reality principle; since it tries to assist the id achieve what it needs by ruling on the difference between the imaginary and real. If a person is feeling hungry, the id may start to dream about food and even imagine food, due to its irrational nature. However, the ego will attempt to determine the ways of getting some real food. The ego helps in attaining the satisfaction of the person through reality. The superego is a term that means ‘above the ego’. It comprises of the moral ideas that the person learns within the society and the family. The superego makes people feel proud whenever they do the correct thing and makes them feel guilty whenever they do anything that they consider as morally wrong. References Baltes, M. M., & Baltes, P. B. (2014). The Psychology of Control and Aging (Psychology Revivals). London: Psychology Press. Coon, D., & Mitterer, J. O. (2014). Psychology: A journey. Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. Freud, S., Dufresne, T., & Richter, G. C. (2011). Beyond the pleasure principle. Peterborough, Ont: Broadview Editions. Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2015). Theory and explanation in social psychology. New York, NY : The Guilford Press. Sherman, J. W., Gawronski, B., & Trope, Y. (2014). Dual-process theories of the social mind. New York : The Guilford Press Wyer, J. R. S., & Srull, T. K. (2014). A Dual Model of Impression Formation: Advances in Social Cognition, Volume I. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Read More