Symptoms and Treatment of Depression During Pregnancy - Annotated Bibliography Example

 Symptoms of Depression during Pregnancy and Ways of Treatment Altshuler L, &Cohen ML. (2005).The Expert Consensus Guideline Series. Treatment of depression in women.Retrieved on 12th February 2014, from: http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/11500997/reload=0;jsessionid=q5zUqkQaQzLxE9aXUJVc.2 The article argues that pregnant mothers contribute to a large number of patients with depression disorders. Therefore, treatment of pregnancy depression is a substantial public concern. During pregnancy, the article reveals that a great number of mothers may be living in depression and failing to realize. The intensively researched article successfully engages scholars in understanding the problems expected to pursue those mothers that fail to seek for medication. With the help of the enlisted symptoms, the article is knowledgeable as it enables learners to find alternative solutions to the pre-existing problem of depression such as light therapy and private psychotherapy (Altshuler & Cohen, 2005). Bonari, L., Bennett, H., and Einarson, A. (2004). Risks of untreated depression during pregnancy. Motherisk. Retrieved on 12th February 2014, from:http://www.motherisk.org/prof/updatesDetail.jsp?content_id=683 The authors document on the essence of ensuring that expectant mothers show proper health forecasts during the prenatal medical services. At such times, the article reveals that a great number of mothers may be living in depression and failing to realize (Bonari, Bennett and Einarson, 2004). The intensively researched article successfully engages scholars in understanding the problems expected to pursue those mothers that fail to seek for medication. With the help of the enlisted symptoms, the article is knowledgeable as it enables learners to find alternative solutions to the pre-existing problem of depression. Eventually, the article indicates that there is ignorance in the society as pregnant mothers suffering from depression fail to find alternatives to treat the ailment (Bonari, Bennett and Einarson, 2004). ChrousoS, G., Torpy, D. & Gold, P. (2008).Interactions between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the female reproductive system: clinical implications.US National Library of Medicine.Vol 129 (229-40). This article asserts that, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal causes effects on reproductive system of pregnant mothers. The adrenal axis is responsible for production of “hypothalamic”, which is amenorrhea for stress seen in eating disorder, melancholic depression, chronic excessive exercise, malnutrition among others. Most symptoms of pregnancy depression are because of high levels of placental CRH found in plasma and the only way to treat these depression is through reduction of CRH levels in plasma (ChrousoS, Torpy, & Gold, 2008). Cohen, L. &Nonacs, R. (2004). Relapse of depression during pregnancy following antidepressant discontinuation: a preliminary prospective study. Vol 7 (217-21). According to this article, pregnancy refers to a period of expressive well-being of a patient. Some symptoms of pregnancy includes sleeping too much or less, changing eating habit, and anxiety. The content of the article shows that a large number of mothers relapses during their first trimester of pregnancy. This relapsing is a symptom of perinatal depression and demands serious medical concerns Relapsing is more prevalent with women who have histories of chronic depression. Pregnancy depression is not “protective” and therefore adequate treatment is necessary for women using antidepressants. Women with moderate depressions can manage these symptoms with psychotherapy, support groups, and light therapgy. But if one has sever depression, combining medication and psychotheraphy is usually recommended (Cohen &Nonacs, 2004). Department of Health.(2014). Perinatal Depression.Information for a Healthy New York.Retrieved on 12th February 2014, from: http://www.health.ny.gov/community/pregnancy/health_care/perinatal/perinatal_depression.htm The department of health in America’s New York City stipulates in its article that pregnant mothers are a determinant to health thus; they should embark on a process of health checkups to guarantee safety in their lives and that of the unborn. Subsequently, the article identifies various symptoms that are witnessed as stress factors citing that this is the only way to ensure are the only way to ensure a future in the American society. Lastly, the article identifies the assorted effective resolutions and remedies that are helpful to patients suffering from depression (Department of Health, 2014). Edwards, R. &Mohllajee A. (2008). Elevated mid pregnancy corticotropin-releasing hormone is associated with prenatal, but not postpartum, maternal depression.US National Library of Medicine. Vol 93 (1946-51). This article explains how Elevated hypothalamic CRH implicates itself in the major pregnancy depression. Edwards and Mohllajee (2008) list some symptoms of depression, which include recurring thoughts about suicide, dealth, and hopelessness, and anxiety. The article further argues that 8% and 7% of all pregnant women seem to have prenatal and postnatal symptoms of pregnancy respectively due to elevated CRH. Therefore, elevated placental CRH during pregnancy have positive association with prenatal depression symptoms and thus pregnant mothers should seek ways of addressing this issue since it can affect the outcomes of the infant. Edwards and Mohllajee (2008) suggests that, lowering the levels of placental CRH would positively reduce the risk of pregnancy depression. Katherine L. & Wisner, MD. (2009).Pharmacologic Treatment of Depression DuringPregnancy.American Medical Association. Retrieved on 12th February 2014, from: http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=191970 This article purports to give an explanation of pharmacologic depression treatment during pregnancy. The article claims that pregnant mothers are a determinant to health thus; they should embark on a process of health checkups to guarantee safety in their lives and that of the unborn. Subsequently, the article identifies various symptoms that are witnessed as stress factors citing that this is the only way to ensure a future in the American society (Katherine & Wisner, 2009). Kerr, M. (2012) Perinatal Depression: Treatments & Symptoms. Healthline. Vol 6 (34-80). The content of this article shows that all pregnancies share similar symptoms such as tiredness, emotional changes, insomnia, and weight gain. Other depression symptoms to watch include frequent weepiness or crying, and increased anxiety, changes in appetite, low energy or fatigue among others. Prenatal depression treatment is just similar to treatment of any other form of depression. According to Kerr (2012), pregnant women should rely on medications, talk therapy combined with drugs, and interpersonal cognitive psychotherapy or behavioural. Krans, B. (2013). Study: Depression during Pregnancy Increases a Child’s Risk of Mood Disorders. Healthline News. Retrieved on 12th February 2014, from: http://www.healthline.com/health-news/women-depression-during-pregnancy-increases-childs-risk-of-mood-disorders-100913 Krans indicates that depression is genetically configured from one mother to another. The article emphasizes on the factual that mothers should be careful to evaluate any changes in their moods during pregnancy. According to him, the main symptoms of pregnancy include loosing interest in things you normally do, persistent sadness, and difficulties in concentration. Lastly, the article asserts on the processes of treatment that the depressed mothers should seize as solutions. Krans (2013) argues that pregnant mothers should take the precaution that all medications will pass the placent and cause effects the babies. However if medication seems appropriate to someone’s depression, then forming collaborative treatment groups will be most helpful. This includes your mental health and prenatal care provision (Krans, 2013). Lee S. Cohen, & Altshuler, MD. (2006).Relapse of Major Depression During Pregnancy in Women Who Maintain or Discontinue Antidepressant Treatment.American Medical Association. Retrieved on 12th February 2014, from: http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=202291 The content of this article describes the relapse of pregnancy depression with women who discontinue or maintain antidepressant depression treatment. According to this article, pregnancy is generally expressed as a period of emotional well-being. Therefore, providing depression protection to prevent psychiatric disorder is very crucial (Lee & Altshuler, 2006). However, systematic description of the risks associated with relapse in pregnant mothers who discontinue or maintain pharmacological treatment for depression is highly necessary. Meltzer-Brody, S. (2011).New insights into perinatal depression: pathogenesis and treatment during pregnancy and postpartum. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience.13, 89–100. This article points out that, the common symptoms of depression during pregnancy include change of mood and anxiety throughout the initial days to postpartum weeks. During the first days of postpartum period change of mood and anxiety symptoms lasts for approximately two weeks and often known as “baby blues”. The major symptoms of pregnancy depression include lose of interest torwards things you normally undertake, persistent sadness, and difficulties in concentration.Meltzer (2011) states that, although there are ongoing debates about how to treat depression during pregnancy, most pregnant mothers use antidepressant during their pregnancies. The most appropriate approach of treating perinatal depression is using antidepressant (Meltzer, 2011). Office on Women’s Health. (2014). Depression during and after pregnancy fact sheet.U.S department of health and human services. Retrieved on 12th February 2014, from: http://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/depression-pregnancy.html The national research article indicates on the various symptoms that whenever experienced by mothers should be acknowledged as attributive to stress and depression. Some of the article’s highlighted symptoms are the general nature whereby depression overcomes the mother unknowingly into a sombre mood and persistent sadness (Office on Women’s Health, 2014).. The article views this as a serious problem that calls for immediate actions highlighting its effects as more adverse to the health of the developing child. The research implements that the ailment befalls over 13% of the pregnant mothers’ population and the problems are affected by all environmental stimuli.the best way of treating depression symptoms according to the article is through forming support groups, private psychotheraphy, light therapy, and medication (Office on Women’s Health, 2014). Segre, L., &Chuffo-Siewert, R. (2013). Emotional distress in mothers of preterm hospitalized infants: a feasibility trial of nurse-delivered treatment.Journal article of perinatology. Retrieved on 12th February 2014, from: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/154099903765448880 This article gives a discussion of the common depression symptoms with pregnant women. The common symptoms of depression during pregnancy include change of mood and anxiety throughout the initial days to postpartum weeks. During the first days of pregnancy change of mood and anxiety symptoms lasts for approximately two weeks and often known as “baby blues”. Although there are ongoing debates about how to treat depression during pregnancy, it is necessary for pregnant mothers to rely on antidepressants or form support groups (Segre & Chuffo-Siewert, 2013). Sheila M. Marcus (2004).Heather A. Flynn, Frederic C. Blow, and Kristen L. Barry.Journal article of Women's Health. Retrieved on 12th February 2014, from: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/154099903765448880 This article describes the prevalence of symptoms of depression during pregnancy, its treatment, and risk factors associated with depression. The information in this article shows that a high rate of pregnant mothers experience prenatal symptoms and many of them do not undergo treatment. This article argues that pregnant mothers should undergo screening in clinics for depression to determine whether they need any depression treatment. Depressions should be taken as crucial matter since it determines the outcome of the new infant (Sheila, 2004). The Black dog Institute. (2014). Causes and Risk Factors: depression. Retrieved on 12th February 2014, from: http://www.blackdoginstitute.org.au/public/depression/inpregnancypostnatal/causesriskfactors.cfm The article defines depression and also establishes other risk factors that tend to prevail, as opportunistic whenever a person is ill. The research indicates the possibility of ignorance amongst the affected groups and stipulates that the vice is detrimental since there is a mode of accessing effective medication. The researchers in the institute define various symptoms and the specific medication that pregnant mothers should sort if such signs are relevant. Eventually, it is sound to reveal that the article is educative on the remedies to cure depression while emphasizing on a healthy society (The Black dog Institute, 2014). References Altshuler L, &Cohen ML. (2005).The Expert Consensus Guideline Series. Treatment of depression in women.Retrieved on 12th February 2014, from: http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/11500997/reload=0;jsessionid=q5zUqkQaQzLxE9aXUJVc.2 Bonari, L., Bennett, H., and Einarson, A. (2004). Risks of untreated depression during pregnancy. Motherisk. Retrieved on 12th February 2014, from:http://www.motherisk.org/prof/updatesDetail.jsp?content_id=683 ChrousoS, G., Torpy, D. & Gold, P. (2008).Interactions between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the female reproductive system: clinical implications.US National Library of Medicine.Vol 129 (229-40). Cohen, L. &Nonacs, R. (2004). Relapse of depression during pregnancy following antidepressant discontinuation: a preliminary prospective study. Vol 7 (217-21). Department of Health.(2014). Perinatal Depression.Information for a Healthy New York.Retrieved on 12th February 2014, from: http://www.health.ny.gov/community/pregnancy/health_care/perinatal/perinatal_depression.htm Edwards, R. &Mohllajee A. (2008). Elevated mid pregnancy corticotropin-releasing hormone is associated with prenatal, but not postpartum, maternal depression.US National Library of Medicine. Vol 93 (1946-51). Katherine L. & Wisner, MD. (2009).Pharmacologic Treatment of Depression DuringPregnancy.American Medical Association. Retrieved on 12th February 2014, from: http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=191970 Kerr, M. (2012) Perinatal Depression: Treatments & Symptoms. Healthline. Vol 6 (34-80). Krans, B. (2013). Study: Depression during Pregnancy Increases a Child’s Risk of Mood Disorders. Healthline News. Retrieved on 12th February 2014, from: http://www.healthline.com/health-news/women-depression-during-pregnancy-increases-childs-risk-of-mood-disorders-100913 Lee S. Cohen, & Altshuler, MD. (2006).Relapse of Major Depression During Pregnancy in Women Who Maintain or Discontinue Antidepressant Treatment.American Medical Association. Retrieved on 12th February 2014, from: http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=202291 Meltzer-Brody, S. (2011).New insights into perinatal depression: pathogenesis and treatment during pregnancy and postpartum. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience.13, 89–100. Office on Women’s Health. (2014). Depression during and after pregnancy fact sheet.U.S department of health and human services. Retrieved on 12th February 2014, from: http://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/depression-pregnancy.html Segre, L., &Chuffo-Siewert, R. (2013). Emotional distress in mothers of preterm hospitalized infants: a feasibility trial of nurse-delivered treatment.Journal article of perinatology. Retrieved on 12th February 2014, from: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/154099903765448880 Sheila M. Marcus (2004).Heather A. Flynn, Frederic C. Blow, and Kristen L. Barry.Journal article of Women's Health. Retrieved on 12th February 2014, from: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/154099903765448880 The Black dog Institute. (2014). Causes and Risk Factors: depression. Retrieved on 12th February 2014, from: http://www.blackdoginstitute.org.au/public/depression/inpregnancypostnatal/causesriskfactors.cfm Read More