Intelligence. The Theories Of Charles Spearman, Howard Gardner And Robert Sternberg - Research Paper Example

Key Words: Theory, Intelligence, Capa Ability, IQ test Intelligence Intelligence to has numerous definitions based on its application or field though the implication is the same. In this case, its definition will encompass, a person’s capacity to comprehend complex ideas coupled with being able to adapt effectively into one’s settings. This is especially by learning through self-experience that prompts one to engage into varied reasoning when trying to overcome life’s obstacles that mostly seem difficult. Mainly, this entails extensive application of mental power with motive or desire of overcoming the obstacle(s) encountered. According to Charles Spearman’s definition, an individual’s capacity is only ascertained when he or she passes IQ test, hence implying that person is intelligent. This is contrary to Howard Gardner’s argument, which cites people exhibit eight forms of independent intelligence though recently he has added a ninth model in his explanation. Conversely, Robert Sternberg presents an entirely different theory compared to the latter two, where he utilizes his triarchic intelligence theory. His argument contradicts with Howard Gardner’s elaboration because he cites that, human beings possess only three frames of intelligence. Charles Spearman’s mode of expounding intelligence encompasses considering humanity’s generals ability, which causes all intellectual functions. Consequently, this makes his theory or premise appear entirely different from the others. This is especially when based on his conclusion that, intelligence is a test aimed at ascertaining g-factor, which is his terminology implying one’s capacity that prompts all psychological processes. Howard Gardner’s frame of mind is a merely linguistic intelligence, which enables a person to think as well as communicate effectively with fellow humanity (Wood, Ellen & Boyd 78). For instance, this is evident with Obama’s prowess making inspiring, moving and motivating speeches. Gardner’s second theory encompass logical-mathematical intelligence, which enables one to think rationally besides being proficient in resolving extremely complex mathematical problems. Primarily, this characterizes Albert Einstein’s intelligence whereby currently numerous fields utilize his theories both in proving varied processes almost mysterious to humanity. This is via using equations (like that of relativity), where he almost spent his entire life in laboratory undertaking researches meant to prove his hypothesis. His third theory encompasses spatial intelligence, which is the ability of utilizing images to represent spatial relations. This is evident when an individual uses his mental imagination to envision how a car would appear once painted using a different color. Gardner’s fourth theory is the bodily kinesthetic intelligence, which is an individual’s aptitude to study and implement what he or she has attained through body movements (Wood, Ellen & Boyd 87). For instance, Kobe Bryant who up to date, his ability of learning how to play basketball is a mystery to numerous people. This is not only in the field, but also in other areas where his fans constantly talk about him. Gardner’s fifth theory comprises the Musical intelligence whereby an individual exhibits excellent skills in learning and understanding varied aspects that comprise music. For instance, these aspects embrace pitch, tone, crescendo, rhythm besides others. This is well exhibited by Beethoven who despite being deaf and experiencing varied health setbacks managed to be outstanding pianists and a composer to the present. Gardner’s sixth premise is interpersonal intelligence, whereby one capable of communicating and intermingling with diverse people effectively in a social setting (Wood, Ellen & Boyd 156). This entails use of health communication skills coupled with knowing how to socialize with others. It is well exhibited by sales entrepreneurs who in their quest to augment profits or succeed in their endeavors, develop exceptional ability to socialize with varied people. Gardner’s seventh premise encompasses Intrapersonal intelligence, which is an individual capacity to scrutinize oneself especially through reflection or meditation. Mostly, this premise characterizes people in religious settings, for instance, Buddha, Monks or Nuns in monasteries, who normally spend their entire lives meditating. Gardner’s eighth theory is the Naturalistic intelligence. This is an individual’s capacity to identify patterns in nature coupled with ascertaining how they relate or intertwine with each other. Mostly, this premise characterizes neurosurgeon who exhibits heightened ability to identify diverse components that comprise humanity’s mind. Gardner’s ninth premise encompass existential intelligence, which cites one’s involvement in spiritual matters, prompts him or her to ponder about life and other related aspects, for instance, the facet of becoming (Wood, Ellen & Boyd 132). Comparing these premises, it is evident that, both Sternberg and Gardner present totally varied connotations concerning intelligence. Conversely, the latter’s explicit in all his theories, which he holds to be true contradicts with Sternbergs’ Triarchic elaboration. The first Robert Sternbergs Triarchic’ representation encompasses componential intelligence. According to him, this premise is closely related to IQ or accomplishment test, which precisely characterizes Steven Hawkings. The most striking characteristic of the people possessing this ability encompass, excelling in all their tests. Second Sternbergs’ premise is experiential intelligence, which characterizes people who are capable of both dealing and resolving unusual life’s dilemma, for instance, lawyers. The third sternberg’s embrace contextual intelligence, which entails one utilizing his or her strength to cover varied personal weaknesses (Wood, Ellen & Boyd 122). This is evident with people experiencing diverse physical deficits like hands or legs whereby instead of complaining of their disability, they extensively use what they have to cover their deficits. For instance, a person with one leg who trains hard with the intention of competing in Paralympics games like cycling. Hence, proving the absence of one leg is not a hindrance to what he or she intends to attain as an athlete. Conclusion I deem Howard Gardners’ premise of intelligence representation is more explicit than Robert Sternberg’s Triarchic model. This is because the latter’s theory or premise being both too broad and less explicit especially in its elaboration. Conversely, Spearman’s premise representation adopts a general perspective to the extent of entailing further research to make it fathomable to numerous people. Work cited Wood, Samuel, E., Ellen Green Wood, R. & Boyd, Denise, A. Mastering the World of Psychology. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall PTR, 2010. Print. Read More