Importance of Economic Sanctions - Assignment Example

What are economic sanctions? When are they used? How effective are they? Economic sanctions cannot and should not only be understood as fines. Although fines constitute the majority of economic sanctions for crime and minor offenses, there exists a very wide array of economic sanctions to include such diverse aspects as community service, repayment to society, and victims compensation. Although it may appear as strange that committee service has been listed within the same sentence as traditional fines, it must be understood service is a fine on time and the ability of the individual to make money during this time. Moreover, fines are oftentimes put in place within situations in the criminal justice system whereby a non-violent or otherwise non-serious crime has been committed. In such a way, fine benefits society as well is teach the offender a valuable lesson without clogging the prison system with the lesser offenders. Furthermore, it is been proven that fines represent a highly effective means of reducing recidivism (O’Malley 550). As compared with prison time, many studies show that fines can have the same minimizing effects upon recidivism, oftentimes greater, the data present time. As such, one of the only reasons that fines are not utilized for greater extent within the current criminal justice system is due to fact that certain crimes must be punishable by more actionable; such as prison time. What is Intensive Supervision? How does it differ from regular supervision? Why and how is it used? Be specific. As the name implies, intensive supervision was originally designed as a means of providing something of a middle ground in between traditional probation and prison time as a form of integrating corrective punishment within the criminal justice system. As such, intensive supervision was designed to be particularly more onerous and “intense” than traditional probation. Ultimately intensive probation not only implies that there will be oversight and almost every aspects of the participants life during participation within the program, it also engenders a series of steps that are ultimately up to the offender in order to affect. These steps include first moving out of the state penal restitution, having a hand in planning and restructuring their future, and continually keeping the stakeholders of the process informed and aware of their progress. Ultimately, intensive supervision is used as a means of reducing the overall level of prison overcrowding that exist within many jurisdictions and states. As a function of this, intensive supervision cannot and should not be understood is merely an enhanced form of probation. Rather, it is intended to have the full effects and reciprocity of a prison sentence while the same time allowing the individual to take charge of the way in which they exhibit signs of integration and improvement as well as rehabilitation. Ultimately, it differs from traditional supervision to the fact that it takes a much more active role in integrates much more deeply into the offender’s life than with traditional parole. Whereas traditional parolee may see their parole officer once a month, it is common for an individual within intensive supervision to have contact with their parole officer/handler many times a week. What is the difference between indeterminate sentencing and determinate sentencing? Is one more effective than the other? If so, why? Be specific. Determinate sentencing refers to a situation in which a criminal would serve a range of years that would be predetermined by a judge. Accordingly, after a minimum sentence passes the case would then automatically arrive before a parole board which sets the actual date of release for the individual. Further, this form of indeterminate sentencing allows for a great deal of leeway and personal prejudice to exists within the parole board. However, advocates of this particular approach argue that this provides a degree of incentive for the individual offender to participate in rehabilitation programs and earn points towards currying favor of probation board. Conversely, underage determinate sentencing, it is the requirement the defender must serve their entire sentence. However, this does not mean that the offender is somehow unable to earn points with regards to their rehabilitation which can internal reduce their prison sentence. As the research indicates, indeterminate sentencing ultimately offers the more favorable approach. This is due to the fact that the individual offender oftentimes identifies parole as freedom in and of itself. Accordingly, assurances that points earned towards rehabilitation programs will factor positively with regards to the parole boards view of their situation encourages a degree of incentive which thereby increases participation and ultimately reduces recidivism. What is JIPS? Explain in detail. JIPS is an acronym that refers to juvenile need of protection or services. Accordingly, JIPS cases are generally those that involve court proceedings involving a juvenile as defined as an individual under the age of 18 years of age. Moreover, cases involving JIPS ultimately necessitate that the court itself take jurisdiction over the child as a result of the fact that the parents are unable to control the juvenile. However there are other means by which JIPS integrate with the criminal justice system. JIPS cases can result from a juvenile who is eventually absent from school for the home, who is considered a school dropout, who has committed a delinquent act, or cannot be held responsible for their actions as a result of a mental illness and has thus been declared not fit to stand trial. In this way, JIPS exist as something somewhat outside the court in the criminal justice system yet nonetheless integrated within it. In such a way, JIPS and the requirements of me today exhibited for the lines between protective services, social services, and psychiatric/medical care and treatment. Nonetheless, by allowing such a distinction to exist, the criminal justice system is more capable and able to integrate with unique needs of these individuals based upon situations and determinants that are presented. Describe the 6 listed sex offender typologies. Be EXTREMELY specific. Ultimately, sexual offenders can be broken down into six specific categories. Although it is dangerous to place too high an emphasis upon these categories, seeking to understand and they are relevant aspects increase the degree to which the individual can understand what motivations oftentimes prompt sex offenders into action. The first of these is with regards to the deviant sexual arousal/interests/preferences that a potential or current sex offender engages with. Naturally, delving into a full range of deviant sexual behaviors is not the purpose of this brief response; however, understanding that inflicting pain, engaging in sexual relations without consent, exposing oneself, or inappropriate touching all contribute to what can be defined as deviant sexual behavior. The second is collectively referred to as cognitive distortions or pro-offender attitudes. This relates to the fact that the offender realizes that activities such as rape or child molestation are necessarily wrong; however, they oftentimes up with justification for engaging in such activities. The third relates to social or interpersonal deficits. Accordingly, the reader understand this to mean that the individual offender suffers from dramatic past or present that scars him/her and encourages sexual deeds in the first place. Fourthly, victim empathy deficits can ultimately reduce or destroyed the level of empathy that the offender would feel for his victim. In such a way, rather than realizing that such an action is wrong and scar and damage the individual for life, it is possible for the offender to feel absolutely no empathy whatsoever for the victim; only were there encouraging such crimes to be perpetrated. Fifthly, poor coping has been listed as determinant of deviant sexual behavior due to the fact that this is a means by which the individual oftentimes integrates with the victim as he/she is unable to cope with the realities of difficulties that are presented within his/her life. Such a way, the offender oftentimes seeks take out the aggression and frustration of life upon the weak and vulnerable within society. Lastly most importantly, a history of maltreatment can be one of the most common determinants towards sexual crimes that exist. As has been evidence from a litany of past studies, individuals that experience a history of maltreatment within the past, both sexual, verbal, physical abuse, are at a greatly enhanced risk for exhibiting sexual abuse is. Work Cited OMalley, Pat. "Politicizing The Case For Fines." Criminology & Public Policy 10.3 (2011): 547-553. Academic Search Complete. Web. 22 Apr. 2013. Read More